First of all, in case people get the wrong impression from your question, Jesus very seldom called himself “the Son of God”. Most of the time he kept on referring to himself as “the Son of Man” not “Son of God” Your question asks about differences in the nature of God. I don’t think you’ll find much. When Jesus came the Jews had deviated from the spirit of the Law giving more importance to the letter of the Law which allowed them to stretch the interpretation to suit their desires. They had no problem with the concept of God. He was still regarded as one as in the first commandment Mark 12:29 “The first of all the commandments is, Hear, O Israel; The Lord our God is one Lord:” Jesus repeated it to assure people that nothing had changed in that respect. We also gather from John 17:3 that Jesus is not God for he doesn’t say ‘me, the only true God” but “that they might know THEE the only true God, and Jesus Christ, whom thou hast sent”. It further tells us that Jesus was a messenger of God, he was sent by God. So most of Christ’s message was about bringing people back to the spirit of the Law not about correcting any distortion in the understanding of the nature of God – there was no distortion. However, when Mohammed came, there was corruption in the understanding of the nature of God. Idol worship was rife and ideas of God being triune in nature were prevalent amongst some. So naturally one finds a lot in the HQ that defines the nature of God. That He is one, that He is the originator of everything, that He was not begotten, that He does not beget, that there is nothing whatsoever that He can be compared to, that all need Him to be and remain in being while He does not need anybody or anything to remain in being, that He has many attributes which describe his nature like the ones already mentioned and including the Most Merciful, the Forgiving, the Knower of all secrets. None of these would be contradicted by the teachings of Jesus. Anyway, whereas Jesus is reported as referring to God as Father (‘ubb’ in Arabic) the HQ does not have a single reference to God as ‘ubb’. This is to ensure that no one can use the HQ to support the trinity concept. Instead, the HQ often refers to God as ‘Rubb’ meaning Lord or Cherisher and Sustainer. For example prophets are often quoted as asking their people to turn to God with the phrase ‘Rubbie wa Rabbookoom’ meaning ‘my Lord and your Lord’. But the phrases Jesus is quoted as using in John 20:17 are “my Father, and your Father” and “my God, and your God” . Below are the first two of a three-part video on the concept of God. The concepts taught by the Bible and the HQ starts about 40 minutes into the first video and ends less than fives minutes into the second one. .

Not much that I know besides what you had listed in your question... as you know Muslims believe that Jesus was a prophet... but yet...we both believe in God...but God in Islam is The Almighty God Lord of the Universe The Master of The Day of Judgment. I am sorry if this isn't much help...but once I find anything I will keep you posted...Great Question:)