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ANSWERS: 3
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Only booting up - it adds an extra stage. Other than that, it only takes disk space.
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If you use something like VMWare to be able to run two Operating systems at the same time, then this has a significant overhead. However if you mean having two O/Ss installed on a computer but only booting one up at any one time (which is what I assume you mean - which is dual booting), then there is virtaully no overhead. I say virtually no overhead, because you can improve performance by placing reducing head movement on the disk by placing different tpyes of files in different areas of the disk depending on type of access. So if you have more than one OS - then this ability to maximise performance by carefully selecting where the files go will be reduced. In practise this is so minimal... As already mentioned by Alex - it does give one extra step at boot time.
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If you are alternating between 2 systems, you would have to reboot to change to the other OS. (unless you are using special software that will allow the OSs to coexist in memory and that would eat up memory and slow down operations) Booting up the computer would take longer than on a single OS system.
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