Uh...no. I don't. Because I'm busy. Very, very busy. As you can tell by the fact that I'm writing THIS. Right now. Eating up time. That I need. Because I'm busy. This is long because it's way more fun than saying "No".

NO. God does not need a pubicity agent yet. Speaking of God is not the same as "spreading the word" which is nauseating, pushy and downright condescending. As if I need some other fool spouting his interpretation of God at me. How does he know what I already know? That is assumptive and assinine and I won't listen probably.

Not really. Cause without my "God's seal of authentication" people just think I'm some nut spouting off about God.

No, I prefer to spread Nutella :), preferably on sliced bread!

Love it.

I don't go around saying "Excuse me, have you heard about God?" but I will gladly answer questions for people who are curious and will explain things that non-believers or new-believers find hard to understand. I am also an entertainer, and I always try to do at least one Gospel song each night where I thank God for my talent. I'm also hoping that the people in the audience will think "wow, he's doing ok, maybe I should check out God for myself!"

No thank you.

Yes it is a joy to my heart and my soul to spread and teach others about God!

well --- i love the chance to inform people they were lied to about god . and christianity is a power hungry cult that made it's mark by murder , lies about other faiths , stealing holidays and beleifs from the pagans . killing non beleivers . telling everyone that other faiths worship "their" devil who they invented . and that they try to make you sell out your kids to be recruited young by babtism etc..to add to their numbers . and that they are being brainwashed . and i love showing them this . http://www.evilbible.com/Murder.htm

To every Atheist on this AB..How do you have a life without God in your corner...

No. But I do very much enjoy spreading the word of Atheism.

No. Never have. First, there isn't a deity...you can't spread the words of something that doesn't exist. Second, even when I believed I felt no compulsion to disrespect the beliefs and freedom of thought of others by pushing my beliefs on them. It is disrespectful, arrogant, and annoying.

I tell it like i see it to many people, some do not like what i say but i tell it anyway.

no because people have different beliefs and I am open minded. Also I am not religious.

Oops please delete this.

Which word, of which god?

who care it 2000 years

You spread it as people has been doing long time ,now you do it.

Genuine spurious Word-Spreader badges for sale here. Not sold in stores. If you call in the next 30 minutes, you get two for only $19.95. Call BR-549

I love it, and spread it as much as I can get anyone to listen to me. :)

I guess I might if he started speaking to me. My doctor would love me to share.

No, I prefer to spread peanut butter on toast +3

The Nicene Creed Books | Introduction | Latin | French | Greek We believe in one God the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven and earth, and of all things visible and invisible. And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son of God, begotten of the Father before all worlds, God of God, Light of Light, Very God of Very God, begotten, not made, being of one substance with the Father by whom all things were made; who for us men, and for our salvation, came down from heaven, and was incarnate by the Holy Spirit of the Virgin Mary, and was made man, and was crucified also for us under Pontius Pilate. He suffered and was buried, and the third day he rose again according to the Scriptures, and ascended into heaven, and sitteth on the right hand of the Father. And he shall come again with glory to judge both the quick and the dead, whose kingdom shall have no end. And we believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord and Giver of Life, who proceedeth from the Father and the Son, who with the Father and the Son together is worshipped and glorified, who spoke by the prophets. And we believe one holy catholic and apostolic Church. We acknowledge one baptism for the remission of sins. And we look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come. Amen. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Change proposed 6/1999 International Consultation on English Texts translation as printed in: The Lutheran Book of Worship The Book of Common Prayer (Episcopal) English Language Liturgical Commission translation We believe in one God, the Father, the Almighty, maker of heaven and earth, of all that is, seen and unseen. We believe in one Lord, Jesus Christ, the only Son of God, eternally begotten of the Father, God from God, Light from Light, true God from true God, begotten, not made, of one Being with the Father. Through him all things were made. For us and for our salvation he came down from heaven: by the power of the Holy Spirit he became incarnate from the Virgin Mary, and was made man. For our sake he was crucified under Pontius Pilate; he suffered death and was buried. On the third day he rose again in accordance with the Scriptures; he ascended into heaven and is seated at the right hand of the Father. He will come again in glory to judge the living and the dead, and his kingdom will have no end. We believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the giver of life, who proceeds from the Father and the Son. With the Father and the Son he is worshiped and glorified. He has spoken through the Prophets. We believe in one holy catholic and apostolic Church. We acknowledge one baptism for the forgiveness of sins. We look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come. Amen. We believe in one God, the Father, the Almighty, maker of heaven and earth, of all that is, seen and unseen. We believe in one Lord, Jesus Christ, the only Son of God, eternally begotten of the Father, God from God, light from light, true God from true God, begotten, not made, of one Being with the Father; through him all things were made. For us and for our salvation he came down from heaven, was incarnate of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary and became truly human. For our sake he was crucified under Pontius Pilate; he suffered death and was buried. On the third day he rose again in accordance with the Scriptures; he ascended into heaven and is seated at the right hand of the Father. He will come again in glory to judge the living and the dead, and his kingdom will have no end. We believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the giver of life, who proceeds from the Father [and the Son], who with the Father and the Son is worshiped and glorified, who has spoken through the prophets. We believe in one holy catholic and apostolic Church. We acknowledge one baptism for the forgiveness of sins. We look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come. Amen. Return to Creeds Last edited: 11/17/97

Learn more about citing Wikipedia. Help build the future of Wikipedia and its sister projects! Read a letter from Jimmy Wales and Michael Snow. [Hide] [Help us with translations!] Stations of the Cross From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search The 12th Station of the Cross - Jesus dies on the Cross. This particular station is found in St. Raphael's Cathedral, Dubuque, Iowa.Stations of the Cross (or Way of the Cross; in Latin, Via Crucis; also called the Via Dolorosa or Way of Sorrows, or simply, The Way) refers to the depiction of the final hours (or Passion) of Jesus, and the devotion commemorating the Passion. The tradition as chapel devotion began with St. Francis of Assisi and extended throughout the Roman Catholic Church in the medieval period. It is less often observed in the Anglican and Lutheran churches. It may be done at any time, but is most commonly done during the Season of Lent, especially on Good Friday and on Friday evenings during Lent. Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Spiritual Significance 2.1 Catholic Reparations 3 The Stations 3.1 Traditional Form 3.2 Scriptural Way of the Cross 4 Modern Usage 5 Debates Regarding the Stations of the Cross 5.1 The Place of the Resurrection in the Stations 5.2 De-Latinization and the Stations of the Cross in the Ukrainian Byzantine Catholic Church 6 Gallery 7 References 8 See also 9 External links [edit] History The Stations of the Cross originated in pilgrimages to Jerusalem. A desire to reproduce the holy places in other lands seems to have manifested itself at quite an early date. At the monastery of San Stefano at Bologna a group of connected chapels were constructed as early as the fifth century, by St. Petronius, Bishop of Bologna, which was intended to represent the more important shrines of Jerusalem, and in consequence, this monastery became familiarly known as "Hierusalem.” These may perhaps be regarded as the germ from which the Stations afterwards developed, though it is tolerably certain that nothing that we have before about the fifteenth century can strictly be called a Way of the Cross in the modern sense. Although several travelers who visited the Holy Land during the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth centuries, mention a "Via Sacra,” i.e., a settled route along which pilgrims were conducted, there is nothing in their accounts to identify this with the Way of the Cross, as we understand it. The devotion was likely developed by the Franciscans after they were granted administration of the Christian holy places in Jerusalem in 1342. The earliest use of the word “stations,” as applied to the accustomed halting-places in the Via Sacra at Jerusalem, occurs in the narrative of an English pilgrim, William Wey, who visited the Holy Land in the mid-1400s, and described pilgrims following the footsteps of Christ to the cross. During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the Franciscans began to build a series of outdoor shrines in Europe to duplicate their counterparts in the Holy Land. The number of stations varied between eleven and thirty. In 1686, in answer to their petition, Pope Innocent XI granted to the Franciscans the right to erect stations within their churches. In 1731, Pope Clement XII extended the right of all churches to have the stations, provided that a Franciscan father erected them, with the consent of the local bishop. At the same time the number was fixed at fourteen. In 1857, the bishops of England were allowed to erect the stations by themselves, without the intervention of a Franciscan priest, and in 1862 this right was extended to bishops throughout the church.[1] [edit] Spiritual Significance The object of the Stations is to help the faithful to make a spiritual pilgrimage of prayer, through meditating upon the chief scenes of Christ's sufferings and death. It has become one of the most popular devotions for Roman Catholics, as well as featuring in the worship and devotion of other Christian denominations. [edit] Catholic Reparations 10th Station of the Cross - Jesus is stripped of His garments Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Spain.In the Roman Catholic tradition, the meditation is often performed in a spirit of reparation for the sufferings and insults that Jesus endured during His Passion.[2] In his encyclical letter, Miserentissimus Redemptor, on reparations, Pope Pius XI called Acts of Reparation to Jesus Christ a duty for Catholics and referred to them as "some sort of compensation to be rendered for the injury" with respect to the sufferings of Jesus.[3] Pope John Paul II referred to Acts of Reparation as the "unceasing effort to stand beside the endless crosses on which the Son of God continues to be crucified".[4] [edit] The Stations [edit] Traditional Form Jesus fallen. Sculpture by Nicola Fumo from 1698. Notre-Dame-des-Champs, AvranchesThe Stations themselves are usually a series of 14 pictures or sculptures depicting the following scenes: Jesus is condemned to death Jesus is given his cross Jesus falls the first time Jesus meets His Mother Simon of Cyrene carries the cross Veronica wipes the face of Jesus Jesus falls the second time Jesus meets the daughters of Jerusalem Jesus falls the third time Jesus is stripped of His garments Crucifixion: Jesus is nailed to the cross Jesus dies on the cross Jesus' body is removed from the cross (Deposition or Lamentation) Jesus is laid in the tomb and covered in incense. Although not traditionally part of the Stations, the Resurrection of Jesus is sometimes included as a fifteenth station.[5][6] [edit] Scriptural Way of the Cross Part of a series of articles on Roman Catholic Devotions to Christ Overview of Devotions Holy Face Sacred Heart Divine Mercy Eucharistic adoration Holy Name Acts of Reparation Holy Wounds Rosary of Holy Wounds Stations of the Cross Precious Blood Infant of Prague Prayers to Jesus Anima Christi • Shoulder Wound • Sacred Heart prayer • You are Christ • Vianney's prayer • Perboyre's prayer • Montfort's prayer • Crucifix prayer Main article: Scriptural Way of the Cross Out of the fourteen traditional Stations of the Cross, only eight have clear scriptural foundation. Stations 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9 are not specifically attested to in the gospels and Station 13 (representing Jesus's body being taken down off the cross and laid in the arms of his mother Mary) seems to embellish the gospels' record which state that Joseph of Arimathea took Jesus down from the cross and buried him. In order to provide a version of this devotion more closely aligned with the biblical accounts, Pope John Paul II introduced a new form of devotion, called the Scriptural Way of the Cross on Good Friday 1991. He celebrated that form thereafter at the Colosseum in Rome.[7][8] In 2007, Pope Benedict XVI approved this set of stations for meditation and public celebration: They follow this sequence: Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane, Jesus is betrayed by Judas and arrested, Jesus is condemned by the Sanhedrin, Jesus is denied by Peter, Jesus is judged by Pilate, Jesus is scourged and crowned with thorns, Jesus takes up His cross, Jesus is helped by Simon to carry His cross, Jesus meets the women of Jerusalem, Jesus is crucified, Jesus promises His kingdom to the repentant thief, Jesus entrusts Mary and John to each other, Jesus dies on the cross, Jesus is laid in the tomb. [edit] Modern Usage The devotion may be conducted personally by the faithful, making their way from one station to another and saying the prayers, or by having an officiating celebrant move from cross to cross while the faithful make the responses. The stations themselves must consist of, at the very least, fourteen wooden crosses, pictures alone do not suffice, and they must be blessed by someone with the authority to erect stations. In the Roman Catholic Church, Pope John Paul II led an annual public prayer of the Stations of the Cross at the Roman Colosseum on Good Friday. Originally, the Pope himself carried the cross from station to station, but in his last years when age and infirmity limited his strength, John Paul presided over the celebration from a stage on the Palatine Hill, while others carried the cross. Just days prior to his death in 2005, Pope John Paul II observed the Stations of the Cross from his private chapel. Each year a different person is invited to write the meditation texts for the Stations. Past composers of the Papal Stations include several non-Catholics. The Holy Father himself wrote the texts for the Great Jubilee in 2000 and used the traditional Stations. The 4th station of the way of the cross on the Matyska in Radziechowy, Poland.The celebration of the Stations of the Cross is especially common on the Fridays of Lent, especially Good Friday. Community celebrations are usually accompanied by various songs and prayers. Particularly common as musical accompaniment is the Stabat Mater. At the end of each station the Adoramus Te is sometimes sung. The Alleluia is also sung, except during Lent. Structurally, Mel Gibson's 2004 film, The Passion of the Christ, follows the Stations of the Cross. The fourteenth and last station, the Burial, is not prominently depicted (compared to the other thirteen) but it is implied since the last shot before credit titles is Jesus resurrected and about to leave the tomb. [edit] Debates Regarding the Stations of the Cross [edit] The Place of the Resurrection in the Stations Modern liturgists[9] say the traditional Stations of the Cross are incomplete without a final scene depicting the empty tomb and/or the resurrection of Jesus, because Jesus' rising from the dead was an integral part of his salvific work on earth. Advocates of the traditional form of the Stations ending with the body of Jesus being placed in the tomb say the Stations are intended as a meditation on the atoning death of Jesus, and not as a complete picture of his life, death, and resurrection. The Stations of the Resurrection (also known by the Latin name of Via Lucis) are used in some churches at Eastertide to meditate on the Resurrection and Ascension of Jesus Christ. [edit] De-Latinization and the Stations of the Cross in the Ukrainian Byzantine Catholic Church In recent years, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church has embarked on a campaign of de-Latinization reforms consisting of the removal of the stations of the cross, the rosary, and the monstrance from the liturgy and parishes of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.[citation needed] In response a schismatic group, the Society of Saint Josaphat (SSJK), has formed with a seminary in Lviv, at which currently thirty students reside. Critics[who?] say the SSJK's liturgical practice favors severely abbreviated services and imported Roman devotions over the traditional and authentic practices and devotions of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. Proponents[who?] say these symbols and rituals, borrowed from their Roman Catholic Polish neighbors have been practiced by Ukrainian Greek Catholics for centuries, and to deny them is to deprive themselves of a part of their sacred heritage which is a valuable reminder of Jesus' suffering. [edit] Gallery Other pictures related to the stations of the cross From The Cloisters in New York City. Station in Upper Swabia, Germany Station in Fuensanta Sanctuary, Murcia, Spain Elaborate 19th century stations I and II, Sacré-Coeur Paris Tomb of Jesus 14th Station in Franciscan Monastery in Woźniki, Poland [edit] References ^ The Catholic Encyclopedia (1907)s.v. "The Way of the Cross." ^ Ann Ball, 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices ISBN 087973910X ^ Miserentissimus Redemptor, Encyclical of Pope Pius XI ^ Pope John Paul II, Letter to Cardinal Fiorenzo Angelini, for the 50th anniversary of the Benedictine Sisters of Reparation of the Holy Face, 27 September 2000 (Vatican archives) ^ "The Official Web Site for the Archdiocese of Detroit". http://www.aodonline.org/AODOnline/Prayers+and+Reflection+12179/Stations+of+the+Cross+2309/Stations+of+the+Resurrection+-+Via+Lucis.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-04. "In some contemporary Stations of the Cross, a fifteenth station has been added to commemorate the Resurrection of the Lord." ^ "Fr. William Saunders". http://www.ewtn.com/library/ANSWERS/STCROSS.HTM. Retrieved 2009-04-04. "Because of the intrinsic relationship between the passion and death of our Lord with His resurrection, several of the devotional booklets now include a 15th station, which commemorates the Resurrection." ^ Joseph M Champlin, The Stations of the Cross With Pope John Paul II Liguori Publications, 1994, ISBN 0892436794 ^ Pope John Paul II, Meditation and Prayers for the Stations of the Cross at the Colosseum, Good Friday, 2000 ^ McBrien, Richard P.; Harold W. Attridge (1995). The HarperCollins encyclopedia of Catholicism. p. 1222. ISBN 9780060653385. [edit] See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Stations of the Cross Acts of Reparation to Jesus Christ Passion play Poor Man's Bible Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy Prayer Labyrinth [edit] External links This section might contain promotional material and other spam. This is generally not encyclopedic content, and may be removed by anyone when identified. If you are familiar with the content of the external links, please help by removing promotional links in accordance with Wikipedia:External links. (You can help!) (April 2009) 14 black and white watercolors in a multilingual Way of the Cross Stations of the Cross all early 18th Century, oil on canvas The Way of the Cross and Resurrection. What does it mean for me on my journey? Stations of the Cross Audio Download "Way of the Cross" article from The Catholic Encyclopedia Historical essay on the devotion to the Via Crucis A list of recent Via Crucis used by The Vatican on Good Fridays.. Online Stations of the Cross with audio recorded meditations and prayers (mp3) Online Stations of the Cross Esquivel's (Nobel Peace Prize) Stations from Latin America Alternate Stations of the Cross as celebrated by Pope John Paul II on Good Friday 1991 Simple Meditations The 14 Stations of the Cross in the Italian Chapel, Lambholm, Orkney [hide]v • d • ePrayers and the Catholic Church Prayers of the Mass Agnus Dei · Apostles' Creed · Confiteor · Gloria in Excelsis Deo · Gloria Patri · Kyrie Eleison · Litany of the Saints Nicene Creed · Pater Noster · Sanctus · Signum Crucis Marian Prayers Angelus · Alma Redemptoris Mater · Ave Maria · Ave Maris Stella · Ave Regina Caelorum · Fatima Prayer · Magnificat · Memorare · Regina Coeli · Rosary · Salve Regina · Sub Tuum Praesidium · Three Hail Marys Other Prayers Act of Contrition · Adoro te devote · Angele Dei · Anima Christi · Athanasian Creed · Ave Verum Corpus · Benedictus · De Profundis · Jesus Prayer · Laudes Divinae · Miserere mei · Morning offering · Nunc Dimittis · O Salutaris Hostia · Prayer before a Crucifix · Prayer of Saint Francis · Prayer to Saint Michael · Requiem Aeternam · Tantum Ergo · Te Deum · Thanksgiving after Communion · Veni Creator Spiritus · Veni Sancte Spiritus · Visit to the Blessed Sacrament · Way of the Cross Note Prayers in italics are normally indulgenced prayers. Category · Portal Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross" Categories: Stations of the Cross | Cross symbols | Roman Catholic Church art by subject | Christian iconography | Roman Catholic devotions | Franciscan spirituality | Sorrowful Mysteries Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 | All pages needing cleanup | Articles with specifically-marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2009 | Wikipedia spam cleanupViewsArticle Discussion Edit this page History Personal toolsTry Beta Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Interaction About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Donate to Wikipedia Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Alemannisch Català ÄŒesky Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Nederlands Polski Português Русский Sardu SlovenšÄina Svenska ไทย 中文 This page was last modified on 23 September 2009 at 22:37. 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Wikipedia is sustained by people like you. Please donate today. Help build the future of Wikipedia and its sister projects! Read a letter from Jimmy Wales and Michael Snow. [Hide] [Help us with translations!] Pope Benedict XVI From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search For other persons of the same name, see Pope Benedict. Benedict XVI Papacy began 19 April 2005 Predecessor John Paul II Personal details Birth name Joseph Alois Ratzinger Born 16 April 1927 (1927-04-16) (age 82) Marktl am Inn, Bavaria, Germany Denomination Catholic Other Popes named Benedict Part of a series on the Catholic Church Organisation Pope – Pope Benedict XVI College of Cardinals Ecumenical Councils Episcopal polity • Latin Rite Eastern Catholic Churches Background History • Christianity Catholicism • Apostolic Succession Four Marks of the Church Ten Commandments Crucifixion & Resurrection of Jesus Ascension • Assumption of Mary Criticism of Roman Catholicism Theology Trinity (Father, Son, Holy Spirit) Theology • Apologetics Divine Grace • Sacraments Purgatory • Salvation Original sin • Saints • Dogma Virgin Mary • Mariology Immaculate Conception of Mary Liturgy and Worship Roman Catholic Liturgy Eucharist • Liturgy of the Hours Liturgical Year • Biblical Canon Rites Roman • Armenian • Alexandrian Byzantine • Antiochian • East Syrian Catholicism Topics Ecumenism • Monasticism Prayer • Music • Art Catholicism Portal Pope Benedict XVI (Latin: Benedictus PP. XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI.; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger on 16 April 1927) is the 265th and reigning Pope, by virtue of his office of Bishop of Rome, the head of the Catholic Church and, as such, Sovereign of the Vatican City State.[1] He was elected on 19 April 2005 in a papal conclave, celebrated his Papal Inauguration Mass on 24 April 2005, and took possession of his cathedral, the Basilica of St. John Lateran, on 7 May 2005. Pope Benedict XVI has both German and Vatican citizenship. He succeeded Pope John Paul II. Benedict XVI is theologically conservative, and his teaching and prolific[2] writings defend traditional Catholic doctrine and values. After a long career as an internationally noted academic, serving as a professor of theology at various German universities, he was appointed Archbishop of Munich and Freising and cardinal by Pope Paul VI in 1977. In 1981, he settled in Rome when he became Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, one of the most important offices of the Roman Curia. At the time of his election as Pope, he was also Dean of the College of Cardinals, and as such the primus inter pares among the cardinals. During his papacy, Benedict XVI has emphasized what he sees as a need for Europe to return to fundamental Christian values in response to increasing de-Christianisation and secularisation in many developed countries. For this reason, he proclaims relativism's denial of objective truth—and more particularly, the denial of moral truths—as the central problem of the 21st century. He teaches the importance for the Catholic Church and for humanity of contemplating God's redemptive love and has reaffirmed the "importance of prayer in the face of the activism and the growing secularism of many Christians engaged in charitable work." Pope Benedict was also the founder and patron of the Ratzinger Foundation, a charitable organisation, which makes money from the sale of books and essays written by the Pope, in order to fund scholarships and bursaries for students across the world.[3] Contents [hide] 1 Overview 2 Early life: 1927–51 3 Pre-papal career 3.1 Academic career: 1951–77 3.2 Archbishop of Munich and Freising: 1977–82 3.3 Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith: 1981–2005 3.4 Health 4 Papacy 4.1 Election to the papacy 4.1.1 Prediction 4.1.2 Election 4.2 Choice of name 4.3 Tone of papacy 4.3.1 Beatifications 4.3.2 Canonizations 4.4 Curia reform 4.5 Teachings 4.5.1 "Friendship with Jesus Christ" 4.5.2 "Dictatorship of Relativism" 4.5.3 Christianity as religion according to reason 4.5.4 Encyclicals: Love and hope 4.5.5 Post-synodal apostolic exhortation 4.5.6 Motu proprio on Tridentine Mass 4.5.7 Unicity and Salvific Universality of the Church 4.5.8 Consumerism 4.6 Ecumenical efforts 4.7 Dialogue with other religions 4.7.1 Judaism 4.7.2 Islam 4.7.3 Tibetan Buddhism 4.7.4 Indigenous American beliefs 4.7.5 International Society for Krishna Consciousness 4.8 Apostolic journeys 4.9 Attire 5 Titles 6 Arms 7 Positions on moral and political issues 7.1 Birth control and HIV/AIDS 7.2 Homosexuality 7.3 International relations 7.3.1 Migrants and refugees 7.3.2 China 7.3.3 Korea 7.3.4 Turkey 7.3.5 Israel 7.4 Global economy 7.5 Nuclear energy 8 Interests 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 11.1 Books by Pope Benedict 11.2 Literature about Pope Benedict 11.3 Biographies 11.4 Documentaries 12 External links and references 12.1 Encyclicals by Benedict XVI 12.2 General Overview Pope Benedict XVI at a private audience on 20 January 2006.Benedict XVI was elected Pope at the age of 78. He is the oldest person to have been elected Pope since Pope Clement XII (1730–40). He had served longer as a cardinal than any Pope since Benedict XIII (1724–30). He is the ninth German Pope, the eighth having been the Dutch-German Pope Adrian VI (1522–23) from Utrecht. The last Pope named Benedict was Benedict XV, an Italian who reigned from 1914 to 1922, during World War I (1914–18). Born in 1927 in Marktl am Inn, Bavaria, Germany, Ratzinger had a distinguished career as a university theologian before being appointed Archbishop of Munich and Freising by Pope Paul VI (1963–78). Shortly afterwards, he was made a cardinal in the consistory of 27 June 1977. He was appointed Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith by Pope John Paul II in 1981 and was also assigned the honorific title of the cardinal bishop of Velletri-Segni on 5 April 1993. In 1998, he was elected sub-dean of the College of Cardinals. And on 30 November 2002, he was elected dean, taking, as is customary, the title of Cardinal bishop of the suburbicarian diocese of Ostia. He was the first Dean of the College elected Pope since Paul IV (1555–59) and the first cardinal bishop elected Pope since Pius VIII (1829–30). Even before becoming Pope, Ratzinger was one of the most influential men in the Roman Curia, and was a close associate of John Paul II. As Dean of the College of Cardinals, he presided over the funeral of John Paul II and over the Mass immediately preceding the 2005 conclave in which he was elected. During the service, he called on the assembled cardinals to hold fast to the doctrine of the faith. He was the public face of the church in the sede vacante period, although, technically, he ranked below the camerlengo in administrative authority during that time. Like his predecessor, Benedict XVI affirms traditional Catholic doctrine. In addition to his native German, Benedict XVI fluently speaks Italian, French, English, Spanish, Latin, and also has a knowledge of Portuguese. He can read Ancient Greek and biblical Hebrew.[4] He has stated that his first foreign language is French. He is a member of a large number of academies, such as the French Académie des sciences morales et politiques. He plays the piano and has a preference for Mozart and Bach.[5] Early life: 1927–51 Marktl am Inn, the house where Benedict XVI was born. The building stands today.Main article: Early life of Pope Benedict XVI Joseph Alois Ratzinger was born on 16 April, Holy Saturday, 1927, at Schulstraße 11, at 8:30 in the morning in his parents' home in Marktl am Inn, Bavaria, Germany. He was baptized the same day. He was the third and youngest child of Joseph Ratzinger, Sr., a police officer, and Maria Ratzinger (née Peintner). His mother's family was originally from South Tyrol (now in Italy). Pope Benedict XVI's brother, Georg Ratzinger, a priest and former director of the Regensburger Domspatzen choir, is still alive. His sister, Maria Ratzinger, who never married, managed Cardinal Ratzinger's household until her death in 1991. Their great-uncle was the German politician Georg Ratzinger. At the age of five, Ratzinger was in a group of children who welcomed the visiting Cardinal Archbishop of Munich with flowers. Struck by the Cardinal's distinctive garb, he later announced the very same day that he wanted to be a cardinal. Ratzinger attended the elementary school in Aschau, which was renamed in his honour in 2009.[6] Following his 14th birthday in 1941, Ratzinger was conscripted in the Hitler Youth, as membership was required for all 14-year old German boys after December 1939,[7] but was an unenthusiastic member and refused to attend meetings.[8] His father was a bitter enemy of Nazism, believing it conflicted with the Catholic faith, according to biographer John L. Allen, Jr. In 1941, one of Ratzinger's cousins, a 14-year-old boy with Down syndrome, was taken away by the Nazi regime to a care center and killed there in secrecy during the Aktion T4 euthanasia campaign of Nazi eugenics.[9] In 1943 while still in seminary, he was drafted at age 16 into the German anti-aircraft corps. Ratzinger then trained in the German infantry, but a subsequent illness precluded him from the usual rigours of military duty. As the Allied front drew closer to his post in 1945, he deserted back to his family's home in Traunstein after his unit had ceased to exist, just as American troops established their headquarters in the Ratzinger household. As a German soldier, he was put in a POW camp, but was released a few months later at the end of the war in the summer of 1945. He reentered the seminary, along with his brother Georg, in November of that year. Following repatriation in 1945, the two brothers entered Saint Michael Seminary in Traunstein, later studying at the Ducal Georgianum (Herzogliches Georgianum) of the Ludwig-Maximilian University in Munich. They were both ordained in Freising on 29 June 1951 by Cardinal Michael von Faulhaber of Munich. Ratzinger recalled: ...at the moment the elderly Archbishop laid his hands on me, a little bird -- perhaps a lark -- flew up from the altar in the high cathedral and trilled a little joyful song.[10] Ratzinger's 1953 dissertation was on St. Augustine and was entitled "The People and the House of God in Augustine's Doctrine of the Church". His Habilitation (which qualified him for a professorship) was on Bonaventure. It was completed in 1957 and he became a professor of Freising College in 1958. Pre-papal career Academic career: 1951–77 Ratzinger became a professor at the University of Bonn in 1959; his inaugural lecture was on "The God of Faith and the God of Philosophy." In 1963, he moved to the University of Münster. During this period, Ratzinger participated in the Second Vatican Council (1962–65). Ratzinger served as a peritus (theological consultant) to Josef Cardinal Frings of Cologne. He was viewed during the time of the Council as a reformer, cooperating with radical Modernist theologians like Hans Küng and Edward Schillebeeckx. Ratzinger became an admirer of Karl Rahner, a well-known academic theologian of the Nouvelle Théologie and a proponent of church reform. In 1966, Joseph Ratzinger was appointed to a chair in dogmatic theology at the University of Tübingen, where he was a colleague of Hans Küng. In his 1968 book Introduction to Christianity, he wrote that the pope has a duty to hear differing voices within the Church before making a decision, and he downplayed the centrality of the papacy. During this time, he distanced himself from the atmosphere of Tübingen and the Marxist leanings of the student movement of the 1960s that quickly radicalized, in the years 1967 and 1968, culminating in a series of disturbances and riots in April and May 1968. Ratzinger came increasingly to see these and associated developments (such as decreasing respect for authority among his students) as connected to a departure from traditional Catholic teachings.[11] Despite his reformist bent, his views increasingly came to contrast with the liberal ideas gaining currency in theological circles.[12] Some voices, among them Hans Küng, deem this a turn towards Conservatism, while Ratzinger himself said in a 1993 interview, "I see no break in my views as a theologian [over the years]".[13] Ratzinger has continued to defend the work of the Second Vatican Council, including Nostra Aetate, the document on respect of other religions, ecumenism and the declaration of the right to freedom of religion. Later, as the Prefect for the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Ratzinger most clearly spelled out the Catholic Church's position on other religions in the 2000 document Dominus Iesus which also talks about the Roman Catholic way to engage in ecumenical dialogue. During his years at Tübingen University, Ratzinger publicized articles in the reformist theological journal Concilium, though he increasingly chose less reformist themes than other contributors to the magazine such as Hans Küng and Edward Schillebeeckx. In 1969, he returned to Bavaria, to the University of Regensburg. He founded the theological journal Communio, with Hans Urs von Balthasar, Henri de Lubac, Walter Kasper and others, in 1972. Communio, now published in seventeen languages, including German, English and Spanish, has become a prominent journal of contemporary Catholic theological thought. Until his election as Pope, he remained one of the journal's most prolific contributors. In 1976, he suggested that the Augsburg Confession might be possible to recognise as a Catholic statement of faith. This however did not happen due to differences in theology on justification.[14][15] Archbishop of Munich and Freising: 1977–82 Palais Holnstein in Munich, the residence of Benedict as Archbishop of Munich and FreisingOn 24 March 1977, Ratzinger was appointed Archbishop of Munich and Freising. He took as his episcopal motto Cooperatores Veritatis (Co-workers of the Truth) from 3 John 8, a choice he comments upon in his autobiographical work, Milestones. In the consistory of the following 27 June, he was named Cardinal Priest of Santa Maria Consolatrice al Tiburtino by Pope Paul VI. By the time of the 2005 Conclave, he was one of only 14 remaining cardinals appointed by Paul VI, and one of only three of those under the age of 80. Of these, only he and William Wakefield Baum took part in the conclave.[16] Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith: 1981–2005 Main article: Joseph Ratzinger as Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith Cardinal Ratzinger in 2003.On 25 November 1981, Pope John Paul II named Ratzinger Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, formerly known as the Holy Office, the historical Inquisition. Consequently, he resigned his post at Munich in early 1982. He was promoted within the College of Cardinals to become Cardinal Bishop of Velletri-Segni in 1993, was made the College's vice-dean in 1998 and dean in 2002. In office, Ratzinger fulfilled his institutional role, defending and reaffirming Catholic doctrine, including teaching on topics such as birth control, homosexuality, and inter-religious dialogue. Leonardo Boff, for example, was suspended, while others were censured. Other issues also prompted condemnations or revocations of rights to teach: for instance, some posthumous writings of Jesuit priest Anthony de Mello were the subject of a notification. Ratzinger and the Congregation viewed many of them, particularly the later works, as having an element of religious indifferentism (i.e., Christ was "one master alongside others"). The Congregation is best known for its authority over the teaching of Church doctrine, but it also has jurisdiction over other matters, including cases involving the seal of the confessional, clerical sexual misconduct and other matters, in its function as what amounts to a court. In his capacity as Prefect, Ratzinger's 2001 letter “Crimen Sollicitationis” which clarified the confidentiality of internal Church investigations into accusations made against priests of certain crimes, including sexual abuse, became a target of controversy during the sex abuse scandal.[17] While bishops hold the secrecy pertained only internally, and did not preclude investigation by civil law enforcement, the letter was often seen as promoting a coverup.[18] The Pope was accused in a lawsuit of conspiring to cover up the molestation of three boys in Texas, but sought and obtained diplomatic immunity from prosecution.[19] On 12 March 1983, Ratzinger as prefect and cardinal notified the lay faithful and the clergy that archbishop Pierre Martin Ngo Dinh Thuc had incurred the excommunication latae sententiae for illicit episcopal consecrations without the apostolic mandate. Health Because of age-related health problems, and in order to have free time to write, he had hoped to retire, and submitted his resignation three times, but had continued at his post in obedience to the wishes of Pope John Paul II. In September 1991, Ratzinger suffered a hemorrhagic stroke, which slightly impaired his eyesight temporarily. This was known to the Conclave that elected him Pope. In August 1992, on a vacation in the Alps, he fell and struck his head against a radiator. In May 2005, the Vatican revealed that he had subsequently suffered another mild stroke; it did not reveal when, other than that it had occurred between 2003 and 2005. France's Philippe Cardinal Barbarin further revealed that since the first stroke, Ratzinger had been suffering from a heart condition as a result of his age, and is currently on medication. It is also notable that he appears to be in far better health than his predecessor was at the age of 79.[20] In late November 2006, an unconfirmed rumor emerged that Pope Benedict had undergone an operation in preparation for an eventual bypass operation, and that the bronchitis suffered by the Pope has put undue pressure on the Pope's heart.[21] On Friday July 17, 2009 Benedict was hospitalized after falling and breaking his right wrist while on vacation in the Alps. His injuries were reported to be minor.[22] Benedict is reported to be right-handed.[23] Papacy Pope Benedict XVI in St. Peter's Square, RomeElection to the papacy Main article: Papal conclave, 2005 Prediction On 2 January 2005, Time magazine quoted unnamed Vatican sources as saying that Ratzinger was a front runner to succeed John Paul II should the pope die or become too ill to continue as pope. On the death of John Paul II, the Financial Times gave the odds of Ratzinger becoming pope as 7–1, the lead position, but close to his rivals on the liberal wing of the church. In April 2005, before his election as pope, he was identified as one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time magazine. While Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Ratzinger repeatedly stated he would like to retire to his house in the Bavarian village of Pentling near Regensburg and dedicate himself to writing books. Piers Paul Read wrote in The Spectator on 5 March 2005: “ There can be little doubt that his courageous promotion of orthodox Catholic teaching has earned him the respect of his fellow cardinals throughout the world. He is patently holy, highly intelligent and sees clearly what is at stake. Indeed, for those who blame the decline of Catholic practice in the developed world precisely on the propensity of many European bishops to hide their heads in the sand, a pope who confronts it may be just what is required. Ratzinger is no longer young—he is 78 years old: but Angelo Roncalli, who revolutionized Catholicism by calling the Second Vatican Council was almost the same age (76) when he became pope as John XXIII. As Jeff Israely, the correspondent of Time, was told by a Vatican insider last month, "The Ratzinger solution is definitely on."[24] ” Though Ratzinger was increasingly considered the front runner by much of the international media, others maintained that his election was far from certain since very few papal predictions in modern history had come true. The elections of both John Paul II and his predecessor, John Paul I had been rather unexpected. Despite being the favorite (or perhaps because he was the favorite), it was a surprise to many that he was actually elected, as traditionally the frontrunners are passed over by the conclave for someone else. Election On 19 April 2005, Cardinal Ratzinger was elected as the successor to Pope John Paul II on the second day of the papal conclave after four ballots. Cardinal Ratzinger had hoped to retire peacefully and said that "At a certain point, I prayed to God 'please don't do this to me'...Evidently, this time He didn't listen to me."[25] Coincidentally, 19 April is the feast of St. Leo IX, the most important German pope of the Middle Ages, known for instituting major reforms during his pontificate. Before his first appearance at the balcony of Saint Peter's Basilica after becoming pope, he was announced by Jorge Medina Estévez, protodeacon of the College of Cardinals. Cardinal Medina Estévez first addressed the massive crowd as "dear(est) brothers and sisters" in Italian, Spanish, French, German and English, with each language receiving cheers from the international crowd, before continuing with the traditional Habemus Papam announcement in Latin. At the balcony, Benedict's first words to the crowd, given in Italian before he gave the traditional Urbi et Orbi blessing in Latin, were: “ Dear brothers and sisters, after the great Pope John Paul II, the Cardinals have elected me, a simple, humble labourer in the vineyard of the Lord. The fact that the Lord knows how to work and to act even with insufficient instruments comforts me, and above all I entrust myself to your prayers. In the joy of the Risen Lord, confident of his unfailing help, let us move forward. The Lord will help us, and Mary, His Most Holy Mother, will be on our side. Thank you.[26] ” On 24 April, he celebrated the Papal Inauguration Mass in St. Peter's Square, during which he was invested with the Pallium and the Ring of the Fisherman. Then, on 7 May, he took possession of his Cathedral church, the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran. Choice of name Ratzinger chose the pontifical name Benedict, which comes from the Latin word meaning "the blessed", in honor of both Pope Benedict XV and Saint Benedict of Nursia. Pope Benedict XV was Pope during the first World War, during which time he passionately pursued peace between the warring nations. St. Benedict of Nursia was the founder of the Benedictine monasteries (most monasteries of the Middle Ages were of the Benedictine Order) and the author of the Rule of Saint Benedict, which is still the most influential writing regarding the monastic life of Western Christianity. Benedict XVI explained his choice of name during his first General Audience in St. Peter's Square, on 27 April 2005: “ Filled with sentiments of awe and thanksgiving, I wish to speak of why I chose the name Benedict. Firstly, I remember Pope Benedict XV, that courageous prophet of peace, who guided the Church through turbulent times of war. In his footsteps I place my ministry in the service of reconciliation and harmony between peoples. Additionally, I recall Saint Benedict of Nursia, co-patron of Europe, whose life evokes the Christian roots of Europe. I ask him to help us all to hold firm to the centrality of Christ in our Christian life: May Christ always take first place in our thoughts and actions![27] ” Tone of papacy Pope Benedict XVI's first trip in the PopemobileDuring his inaugural Mass, the previous custom of every cardinal submitting to the Pope was replaced by having twelve people, including cardinals, clergy, religious, a married couple and their child, and newly confirmed people, greet him. (The cardinals had formally sworn their obedience upon his election.) He began using an open-topped papal car, saying that he wanted to be closer to the people. Pope Benedict has continued the tradition of his predecessor John Paul II and baptizes several infants in the Sistine Chapel at the beginning of each year, in his pastoral role as Bishop of Rome. Beatifications On 9 May 2005, Benedict XVI began the beatification process for his predecessor, Pope John Paul II. Normally, five years must pass after a person's death before the beatification process can begin. However, in an audience with Pope Benedict, Camillo Ruini, Vicar General of the Diocese of Rome and the official responsible for promoting the cause for canonization of any person who dies within that diocese, cited "exceptional circumstances" which suggested that the waiting period could be waived. This happened before, when Pope Paul VI waived the five year rule and announced beatification processes for his predecessors, Pope Pius XII and Pope John XXIII. Benedict XVI followed this precedent when he waived the five year rule for John Paul II.[28] The decision was announced on 13 May 2005, the Feast of Our Lady of Fatima and the 24th anniversary of the attempt on John Paul II's life.[29] John Paul II often credited Our Lady of Fatima for preserving him on that day. Cardinal Ruini inaugurated the diocesan phase of the cause for beatification in the Lateran Basilica on 28 June 2005.[30] The first beatification under the new Pope was celebrated on 14 May 2005, by José Cardinal Saraiva Martins. The new Blesseds were Mother Marianne Cope and Mother Ascensión Nicol Goñi. Cardinal Clemens August Graf von Galen was beatified on 9 October 2005. Mariano de la Mata was beatified in November 2006 and Rosa Eluvathingal was beatified 3 December of that year, and Fr. Basil Moreau is scheduled to be beatified by next year. In October 2008 the following beatifications took place: Celestine of the Mother of God, Giuseppina Nicoli, Hendrina Stenmanns, Maria Rosa Flesch, Marta Anna Wiecka, Michal Sopocko, Petrus Kibe Kasui and 187 Companions, Susana Paz-Castillo Ramirez. Unlike his predecessor, Benedict XVI delegated the beatification liturgical service to a Cardinal. On 29 September 2005, the Congregation for the Causes of Saints issued a communiqué announcing that henceforth beatifications would be celebrated by a representative of the Pope, usually the Prefect of that Congregation.[31] Canonizations Pope Benedict at the canonization of Frei GalvãoPope Benedict XVI celebrated his first canonizations on 23 October 2005 in St. Peter's Square when he canonized Josef Bilczewski, Alberto Hurtado SJ, Zygmunt Gorazdowski, Gaetano Catanoso, and Felice da Nicosia. The canonizations were part of a Mass that marked the conclusion of the Synod of Bishops and the Year of the Eucharist.[32] Pope Benedict XVI canonized Bishop Rafael Guizar y Valencia, Mother Theodore Guerin, Filippo Smaldone, and Rosa Venerini on 15 October 2006. During his visit to Brazil in 2007, Pope Benedict XVI presided over the canonization of Frei Galvão on 11 May, while George Preca, founder of the Malta based MUSEUM, Szymon of Lipnica, Charles of Mount Argus, and Marie-Eugénie de Jésus were canonized in a ceremony held at the Vatican on 3 June 2007.[33] Preca is the first Maltese saint since the country's conversion to Christianity in A.D. 60 when St. Paul converted the inhabitants.[34] In October 2008 the following canonizations took place: Saint Alphonsa of India,[35] Gaetano Errico, Narcisa de Jesus Martillo Moran, Maria Bernarda Bütler Curia reform Holy See This article is part of the series: Politics and government of the Holy See -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pope Benedict XVI Roman Curia Secretariat of State Congregations Vicariate General Vatican City Pontifical Commission President Giovanni Lajolo Conclave: 2005 Foreign relations Lateran Treaty Status in international law Diplomatic missions At the United Nations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Other countries · Atlas Politics portal view • talk • edit Pope Benedict began downsizing the Roman Curia when he merged four existing pontifical councils into two in March 2006. The Pontifical Council for Migrants was merged with the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace headed by Cardinal Martino. Likewise, Cardinal Poupard, who headed the Pontifical Council for Culture, now also oversees the operations of what had been the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue, though both Councils maintained separate officials and staffs while their status and competencies continued unchanged. In May 2007 it was decided that Interreligious Dialogue would again become a separate body under a different President. Teachings See also: Theology of Pope Benedict XVI As Pope, Benedict XVI's main role is to teach about the Catholic faith and the solutions to the problems of discerning and living the faith, a role that he can play well as a former head of the Church's Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. The main points of emphasis of his teachings are stated in more detail in Theology of Pope Benedict XVI. "Friendship with Jesus Christ" Benedict XVI: "The Eucharist is the enduring presence of Jesus' self-oblation." (Deus Caritas Est)According to commentators, during the Inaugural Mass, the core of the Pope's message, the most moving and famous part, is found in the last paragraph of his homily where he referred to both Jesus Christ and John Paul II. After referring to John Paul II's well-known words, "Do not be afraid! Open wide the doors for Christ!", Benedict XVI said: “ Are we not perhaps all afraid in some way? If we let Christ enter fully into our lives, if we open ourselves totally to Him, are we not afraid that He might take something away from us?...And once again the Pope said: No! If we let Christ into our lives, we lose nothing, nothing, absolutely nothing of what makes life free, beautiful and great. No! Only in this friendship do we experience beauty and liberation....When we give ourselves to Him, we receive a hundredfold in return. Yes, open, open wide the doors to Christ – and you will find true life.[36] ” "Friendship with Jesus Christ" is a frequent theme of his preaching.[37][38][39] He stressed that on this intimate friendship, "everything depends."[40] He has also said: "We are all called to open ourselves to this friendship with God... speaking to him as to a friend, the only One who can make the world both good and happy... That is all we have to do is put ourselves at his disposal...is an extremely important message. It is a message that helps to overcome what can be considered the great temptation of our time: the claim, that after the Big Bang, God withdrew from history."[41] Thus, in his book Jesus of Nazareth, his main purpose was "to help foster [in the reader] the growth of a living relationship" with Jesus Christ.[40] He took up this theme in his first encyclical Deus Caritas Est. In his personal explanation and summary of the encyclical, he stated: "If friendship with God becomes for us something ever more important and decisive, then we will begin to love those whom God loves and who are in need of us. God wants us to be friends of his friends and we can be so, if we are interiorly close to them."[42] Thus, he said that prayer is "urgently needed...It is time to reaffirm the importance of prayer in the face of the activism and the growing secularism of many Christians engaged in charitable work." "Dictatorship of Relativism" Continuing what he said in the pre-conclave Mass about what he has often referred to as the "central problem of our faith today",[43] on 6 June 2005 Pope Benedict also said: “ Today, a particularly insidious obstacle to the task of education is the massive presence in our society and culture of that relativism which, recognizing nothing as definitive, leaves as the ultimate criterion only the self with its desires. And under the semblance of freedom it becomes a prison for each one, for it separates people from one another, locking each person into his or her own ego.[44] ” He said that "a dictatorship of relativism"[45] was the core challenge facing the church and humanity. At the root of this problem, he said, is Kant's "self-limitation of reason". This, he said, is contradictory to the modern acclamation of science, whose excellence is based on the power of reason to know the truth. He said that this self-amputation of reason leads to pathologies of religion such as terrorism and pathologies of science such as ecological disasters.[46] Benedict traced the failed revolutions and violent ideologies of the twentieth century to a conversion of partial points of view into absolute guides. He said "Absolutizing what is not absolute but relative is called totalitarianism."[47] In an address to a conference of the Diocese of Rome held at the basilica of St. John Lateran 6 June 2005, Benedict remarked on the issues of same sex marriage and abortion: The various forms of the dissolution of matrimony today, like free unions, trial marriages and going up to pseudo-matrimonies by people of the same sex, are rather expressions of an anarchic freedom that wrongly passes for true freedom of man...from here it becomes all the more clear how contrary it is to human love, to the profound vocation of man and woman, to systematically close their union to the gift of life, and even worse to suppress or tamper with the life that is born.[48] Christianity as religion according to reason In the discussion with secularism and rationalism, one of Benedict's basic ideas can be found in his address on the "Crisis of Culture" in the West, a day before Pope John Paul II died, when he referred to Christianity as the Religion of the Logos (the Greek for "word", "reason", "meaning", or "intelligence"). He said: “ From the beginning, Christianity has understood itself as the religion of the Logos, as the religion according to reason...It has always defined men, all men without distinction, as creatures and images of God, proclaiming for them...the same dignity. In this connection, the Enlightenment is of Christian origin and it is no accident that it was born precisely and exclusively in the realm of the Christian faith....It was and is the merit of the Enlightenment to have again proposed these original values of Christianity and of having given back to reason its own voice... Today, this should be precisely [Christianity's] philosophical strength, in so far as the problem is whether the world comes from the irrational, and reason is not other than a 'sub-product,' on occasion even harmful of its development—or whether the world comes from reason, and is, as a consequence, its criterion and goal...In the so necessary dialogue between secularists and Catholics, we Christians must be very careful to remain faithful to this fundamental line: to live a faith that comes from the Logos, from creative reason, and that, because of this, is also open to all that is truly rational.[49] ” Benedict also emphasized that "Only creative reason, which in the crucified God is manifested as love, can really show us the way." Encyclicals: Love and hope Pope Benedict has to date written three encyclicals, Deus Caritas Est (Latin for "God is Love"), Spe Salvi ("Saved by Hope"), and Caritas in Veritate ("Love in Truth"). In his first encyclical, "God is love", he said that a human being, created in the image of God who is love, is able to practice love: to give himself to God and others (agape), by receiving and experiencing God's love in contemplation (eros). This life of love, according to him, is the life of the saints such as Teresa of Calcutta and the Blessed Virgin Mary, and is the direction Christians take when they believe that God loves them in Jesus Christ.[50] The encyclical contains almost 16,000 words in 42 paragraphs. The first half is said to have been written by Benedict in German, his mother tongue, in the summer of 2005; the second half is derived from uncompleted writings left by his predecessor, Pope John Paul II.[51] The document was signed by Pope Benedict on Christmas Day, 25 December 2005.[52] The encyclical was promulgated a month later in Latin and was translated into English, French, German, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, and Spanish. It is the first encyclical to be published since the Vatican decided to assert copyright in the official writings of the Pope.[53] Pope Benedict's second encyclical titled Spe Salvi ("Saved by Hope"), about the virtue of hope, was released on 30 November 2007.[54][55] Benedict's third encyclical titled Caritas in Veritate ("Love in Truth" or "Charity in Truth"), was signed on 29 June, 2009 (the Feast of Sts. Peter and Paul) and released on 7 July 2009.[56] In it, the Pope continued the Church's teachings on social justice. He condemned the prevalent economic system “where the pernicious effects of sin are evident,” and called on people to rediscover ethics in business and economic relations.[56] Post-synodal apostolic exhortation Sacramentum Caritatis (The Sacrament of Charity) signed 22 February 2007, released in Latin, Italian, English, French, German, Portuguese, Spanish, and Polish. It was made available in various languages 13 March 2007 in Rome. The English edition from Libera Editrice Vaticana is 158 pages. This apostolic exhortation "seeks to take up the richness and variety of the reflections and proposals which emerged from the recent Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops..." which was held in 2006.[57] Motu proprio on Tridentine Mass See also: Summorum Pontificum A pre-1969 Latin Rite altar with reredos. The high altar of a church was usually preceded by three steps, below which were said the Prayers at the Foot of the Altar. Side altars usually had only one step.On 7 July 2007, Benedict XVI issued the motu proprio Summorum Pontificum, declaring that upon "the request of the faithful", celebration of Mass according to the Missal of 1962 (commonly known as the Tridentine Mass), was to be more easily permitted. Stable groups who previously had to petition their bishop to have a Tridentine Mass may now merely request permission from their local priest.[58] While Summorum Pontificum directs that pastors should provide the Tridentine Mass upon the requests of the faithful, it also allows for any qualified priest to offer private celebrations of the Tridentine Mass, to which the faithful may be admitted if they wish.[59] For regularly scheduled public celebrations of the Tridentine Mass, the permission of the priest in charge of the church is required.[60] In an accompanying letter, the Pope outlined his position concerning questions about the new guidelines,[59] emphasizing that the Tridentine Mass would not detract from the Second Vatican Council, and that the Mass of Paul VI would still be the norm and priests were not permitted to refuse to say the Mass in that form. He pointed out that use of Tridentine Mass "was never juridically abrogated and, consequently, in principle, was always permitted."[59] The letter also decried "deformations of the liturgy ... because in many places celebrations were not faithful to the prescriptions of the new Missal" as the Second Vatican Council was wrongly seen "as authorizing or even requiring creativity", mentioning his own experience.[59] The Pope also considered that allowing the Tridentine Mass to those who request it was a means to prevent schism, stating that, on occasions in past history, "not enough was done by the Church’s leaders to maintain or regain reconciliation and unity" and that this "imposes an obligation on us today: to make every effort to enable for all those who truly desire unity to remain in that unity or to attain it anew.[59] Many feel the decree aimed at ending the schism between the Holy See and traditionalist groups such as the Society of St. Pius X (SSPX). Darío Castrillón Cardinal Hoyos, the president of the Pontifical Commission that oversees the Tridentine Mass stated that the decree "opened the door for their return," and said "I wouldn't understand if they don't come back." Bishop Bernard Fellay, superior general of the SSPX, expressed "deep gratitude to the Sovereign Pontiff for this great spiritual benefit",[58] but also said that the group "had to iron out doctrinal differences with the Vatican before a reconciliation could take place." Some Catholic voices feared that the move would entail a reversal of the Second Vatican Council.[61] Unicity and Salvific Universality of the Church Near the end of June 2007, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith issued a document approved by Benedict XVI "because some contemporary theological interpretations of Vatican II's ecumenical intent had been 'erroneous or ambiguous' and had prompted confusion and doubt."[62] The document has been seen as restating "key sections of a 2000 text the pope wrote when he was prefect of the congregation, Dominus Iesus."[62] Consumerism This section requires expansion. Benedict XVI has condemned excessive consumerism, especially among youth. He stated in December 2007 that "[A]dolescents, youths and even children are easy victims of the corruption of love, deceived by unscrupulous adults who, lying to themselves and to them, draw them into the dead-end streets of consumerism."[63] In June 2009, he blamed outsourcing for greater availability of consumer goods which lead to downsizing of social security systems.[64] Ecumenical efforts Main article: Pope Benedict XVI and Ecumenism Speaking at his weekly audience in St Peter's Square on 7 June 2006, Pope Benedict asserted that Jesus himself had entrusted the leadership of the Church to his apostle Peter. "Peter's responsibility thus consists of guaranteeing the communion with Christ," said Pope Benedict. "Let us pray so that the primacy of Peter, entrusted to poor human beings, may always be exercised in this original sense desired by the Lord, so that it will be increasingly recognised in its true meaning by brothers who are still not in communion with us." Dialogue with other religions Pope Benedict is open to dialogue with other religious groups, and has sought to improve relations with them throughout his pontificate. He has, however, generated certain controversies in doing so. Judaism Main article: Pope Benedict XVI and Judaism When Benedict ascended to the Papacy his election was welcomed by the Anti-Defamation League who noted "his great sensitivity to Jewish history and the Holocaust".[65] However, his election received a more reserved response from the United Kingdom's Chief Rabbi Jonathan Sacks, who hoped that Benedict would "continue along the path of Pope John XXIII and Pope John Paul II in working to enhance relations with the Jewish people and the State of Israel."[66] The Foreign Minister of Israel also offered more tentative praise, though the Minister believed that "this Pope, considering his historical experience, will be especially committed to an uncompromising fight against anti-Semitism."[66] Critics have accused Benedict's papacy as being insensitive towards Judaism. The two most prominent instances were the expanding the use of the Tridentine Mass and the lifting of the excommunication on four bishops from the Society of St. Pius X. The Tridentine Mass includes a prayer that asks God to lift the veil so they [Jews] may be delivered from their darkness. This prayer has historically been contentious in Judaic-Catholic relations and the several groups saw the restoration of the Latin Mass as problematic.[67][68][69][70][71] The SSPX is a traditionalist Catholic organization, in part because of Bishop Richard Williamson, an outspoken Holocaust denier,[72][73] has been labeled as antisemitic.[74][75] By lifting the excommunication that existed on the Bishops of the SSPX, in particular Williamson, it was feared that the Pope was condoning his views.[76] Islam Main article: Pope Benedict XVI and Islam Pope Benedict's relations with Islam have been strained at times. On 12 September 2006 Pope Benedict XVI delivered a lecture which touched on Islam at the University of Regensburg in Germany. The pope had previously served as professor of theology at the university, and his lecture was entitled "Faith, Reason and the University—Memories and Reflections". The lecture received much attention from political and religious authorities. Many Islamic politicians and religious leaders registered their protest against what they said was an insulting mischaracterization of Islam, although his focus was aimed towards the rationality of religious violence, and its effect on the religion.[77][78] Muslims were particularly offended by the following quotation from the Pope's speech: “ Show me just what Muhammad brought that was new and there you will find things only evil and inhuman, such as his command to spread by the sword the faith he preached.[78] ” The passage originally appeared in the “Dialogue Held With A Certain Persian, the Worthy Mouterizes, in Anakara of Galatia[citation needed] written in 1391 as an expression of the views of the Byzantine emperor Manuel II Paleologus, one of the last Christian rulers before the Fall of Constantinople to the Muslim Ottoman Empire, on such issues as forced conversion, holy war, and the relationship between faith and reason. According to the German text, the Pope's original comment was that the emperor "addresses his interlocutor in an astoundingly harsh—to us surprisingly harsh—way" (wendet er sich in erstaunlich schroffer, uns überraschend schroffer Form).[79] Pope Benedict apologised for any offence he had caused and made a point of visiting Turkey, a predominantly Muslim country, and praying in its Blue Mosque. Pope Benedict XVI planned on 5 March 2008, to meet with Muslim scholars and religious leaders autumn 2008 at a Catholic-Muslim seminar in Rome.[80] That meeting, the "First Meeting of the Catholic-Muslim Forum," was held from November 4-6, 2008.[81] See also: Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy Tibetan Buddhism The Dalai Lama congratulated Pope Benedict XVI upon his election,[82] and visited him in October 2006 in the Vatican City. In 2007 China was accused of using its political influence to stop a meeting between the Pope and the Dalai Lama.[83] Indigenous American beliefs While visiting Brazil in May 2007, "the pope sparked controversy by saying that native populations had been 'silently longing' for the Christian faith brought to South America by colonizers."[84] The Pope continued, stating that "the proclamation of Jesus and of his Gospel did not at any point involve an alienation of the pre-Columbus cultures, nor was it the imposition of a foreign culture."[84] President Hugo Chavez of Venezuela demanded an apology, and an indigenous organization in Ecuador issued a response which stated that "representatives of the Catholic Church of those times, with honorable exceptions, were accomplices, deceivers and beneficiaries of one of the most horrific genocides of all humanity."[84] Later, the pope, speaking Italian, said at a weekly audience that it was: "not possible to forget the suffering and the injustices inflicted by colonizers against the indigenous population, whose fundamental human rights were often trampled."[85] International Society for Krishna Consciousness While visiting the United States on April 17, 2008, Benedict met with International Society for Krishna Consciousness representative Radhika Ramana Dasa;[86] a notable Hindu scholar[87] and disciple of Hanumatpreshaka Swami.[88] On behalf of the Hindu American community, Radhika Ramana Dasa presented a gift of an Om symbol[89] to Benedict.[90][91] Apostolic journeys Main article: List of journeys of Pope Benedict XVI Pope Benedict XVI in a Mercedes-Benz popemobile in São Paulo, BrazilBenedict traveled extensively during the first three years of his papacy. In addition to his travels within Italy, Pope Benedict XVI has made two visits to his homeland, Germany, one for World Youth Day and another to visit the towns of his childhood. He has also visited Poland and Spain, where he was enthusiastically received. His visit to Turkey, an overwhelmingly Muslim nation, was initially overshadowed by the controversy about a lecture he had given at Regensburg. His visit was met by nationalist and Islamic protesters[92] and was placed under unprecedented security measures.[93] However, the trip went ahead and Benedict made a joint declaration with Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I in an attempt to begin to heal the rift between the Catholic and Orthodox churches. In 2007, Pope Benedict visited Brazil in order to address the Bishops' Conference there and canonise Friar Antônio Galvão, an 18th century Franciscan. In June 2007, Benedict made a personal pilgrimage and pastoral visit to Assisi, the birthplace of St. Francis. In September, Benedict undertook a three day visit to Austria,[94] during which he joined Vienna's chief rabbi in a memorial to the 65,000 Viennese Jews who perished in Nazi death camps.[95] During his stay in Austria, he also celebrated Mass at the Marian shrine Mariazell and visited Heiligenkreuz Abbey.[96] Pope Benedict XVI celebrates his 81st birthday with U.S. President George W. Bush and his wife, Laura.In April 2008 Pope Benedict XVI made his first visit to the United States since becoming pope.[97] He arrived in Washington, DC where he was formally received at the White House and met privately with U.S. President George W. Bush.[98] While in Washington, the pope addressed representatives of US Catholic universities, met with leaders of other world religions, and celebrated Mass at the Washington Nationals baseball stadium with 47,000 people.[99] The Pope also met privately with victims of sexual abuse by priests. The pope traveled to New York where he addressed the United Nations General Assembly.[100] Also while in New York, the pope celebrated Mass at St. Patrick's Cathedral, met with disabled children and their families, and attended an event for Catholic youth, where he addressed some 25,000 young people in attendance.[101] On the final day of the pope's visit, he visited the World Trade Center site and later celebrated Mass at Yankee Stadium.[102] In July 2008 the Pope travelled to Australia to attend World Youth Day 2008 in Sydney. On 19 July, in St. Mary's Cathedral, he made an apology for child sex abuse perpetrated by the clergy in Australia.[103][104] On 13 September 2008, at an outdoor Paris Mass attended by 250,000 people, Pope Benedict XVI condemned the modern materialism - the world's love of power, possessions and money as a modern-day plague, comparing it to "paganism."[105][106] The Pope visited France in September 2008, where he condemned modern materialism. In 2009, he visited Africa (Cameroon, a former German colony, and Angola) for the first time as a Pope. During his visit, he suggested that sexual behavior was the answer to Africa's AIDS crisis, and urged Catholics to reach out and convert believers in sorcery. He visited the Middle East (Jordan, Israel and Palestine) in May 2009. Attire Pope Benedict XVI in choir dress with the red summer papal mozzetta, embroidered red stole, and the red papal shoes.Main article: Ceremonial of Benedict XVI Pope Benedict XVI has re-introduced several papal garments which had previously fallen into disuse. Pope Benedict XVI resumed the use of the traditional red papal shoes, which had not been used since early in the pontificate of Pope John Paul II. Contrary to the initial speculation of the press that the shoes had been made by the Italian fashion house Prada, the Vatican announced that the shoes were provided by the pope's personal cobbler.[107] On 21 December 2005, the pope began wearing the camauro, the traditional red papal hat usually worn in the winter. It had not been seen since the pontificate of Pope John XXIII (1958–1963). On 6 September 2006 the pope began wearing the red cappello romano (also called a saturno), a wide-brimmed hat for outdoor use. Rarely used by John Paul II, it was more widely worn by his predecessors. Titles Papal styles of Pope Benedict XVI Reference style His Holiness Spoken style Your Holiness Religious style Holy Father Posthumous style NA The official title of the Pope is His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI; in Latin, Benedictus XVI, Episcopus Romae. However, his rarely used full title is "His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI, Bishop of Rome, Vicar of Jesus Christ, Successor of the Prince of the Apostles, Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church, Primate of Italy, Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman province, Sovereign of the State of the Vatican City, Servant of the Servants of God." Before 1 March 2006, the list of titles also used to contain that of a "Patriarch of the West", which traditionally appeared in that list of titles before "Primate of Italy". The title of "Patriarch of the West" was first adopted in the year 642 by Pope Theodore I, but was rarely used since the East-West Schism of 1054. From the Orthodox perspective, authority in the Church could be traced to the five patriarchates of Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem. However, some Catholic theologians have argued that the term "Patriarch of the West" has no clear historical or theological basis and was introduced into the papal court in 1870 at the time of the First Vatican Council. Pope Benedict chose to remove the title at a time when discussions with the Orthodox churches have centered on the issue of papal primacy. It has also been suggested that "the West" is a misnomer as the modern Latin Church is today global in its extent. Arms Arms of Pope Benedict XVI Notes The coat of arms of Pope Benedict XVI was designed by then Archbishop Andrea Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo (who later was created a Cardinal) soon after the papal election. Benedict's coat of arms has omitted the papal tiara, which traditionally appears in the background to designate the Pope's position as a worldly ruler like a king, replacing it with a simple mitre, emphasizing his spiritual authority.[108] Escutcheon Gules, chape in or, with the scallop shell of the second; the dexter chape with a moor's head in natural colour, crowned and collared of the first, the sinister chape a bear trippant in natural colour, carrying a pack gules belted sable Symbolism Scallop shell: The symbolism of the scallop shell is multiple, one of the meanings is thought to represent Saint Augustine. While a doctoral candidate in 1953, Fr. Joseph Ratzinger wrote his dissertation on The People of God and the House of God in Augustine's Teaching is always about the Church, and therefore has a personal connection with the thought of this great Doctor of the Church. Moor of Freising: The Moor's head is an heraldic charge associated with Freising, Germany. Corbinian's bear: A legend states that while traveling to Rome, Saint Corbinian's pack horse was killed by a bear. He commanded the bear to carry the load. Once he arrived, he released it from his service, and it returned to Bavaria. The implication is that "Christianity tamed and domesticated the ferocity of paganism and thus laid the foundations for a great civilization in the Duchy of Bavaria." At the same time, Corbinian's bear, as God's beast of burden, symbolizes the weight of office that Benedict now carries. Positions on moral and political issues Birth control and HIV/AIDS In 2005, the Pope listed several ways to combat the spread of HIV, including chastity, fidelity in marriage and anti-poverty efforts; he also rejected the use of condoms.[109] The alleged Vatican investigation of whether there are any cases when married persons may use condoms to protect against the spread of infections surprised many Catholics in the wake of John Paul II's consistent refusal to consider condom use in response to AIDS.[110] However, the Vatican has since stated that no such change in the Church's teaching can occur.[111] Time Magazine also reported in its 30 April 2006 edition that the Vatican's position remains what it always has been with Vatican officials "flatly dismiss[ing] reports that the Vatican is about to release a document that will condone any condom use."[111] In March 2009, the Pope was sharply criticized after reiterating his condemnation of the distribution of condoms in fighting AIDS in Africa.[112] Homosexuality During his time as Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF) Benedict XVI made several efforts to tackle the issue of homosexuality within the Church and the wider world. In 1986 the CDF sent a letter to all Bishops entitled: On the Pastoral Care of Homosexual Persons. The letter condemned a liberal interpretation of the earlier CDF document Declaration on Certain Questions Concerning Sexual Ethics, which had led to a "benign" attitude "to the homosexual condition itself.". On the Pastoral Care of Homosexual Persons clarified that the Church position on Homosexuality was that "although the particular inclination of the homosexual person is not a sin, it is a more or less strong tendency ordered toward an intrinsic moral evil; and thus the inclination itself must be seen as an objective disorder."[113] However the document also condemned homophobic attacks and violence stating "It is deplorable that homosexual persons have been and are the object of violent malice in speech or in action. Such treatment deserves condemnation from the Church's pastors wherever it occurs."[114] In 1992 he again approved CDF documents declaring that homosexual "inclination itself must be seen as an objective disorder" and extended this principle to civil law. "Sexual orientation", the document opined, was not equivalent to race or ethnicity, and it declared that it was "not unjust discrimination to take sexual orientation into account."[115] On December 22, 2008, the Pope gave an end of year message to the Roman Curia in which he talked about gender and the important distinction between men and women. The pope said that the church viewed the distinction as central to human nature, and "asks that this order, set down by creation, be respected". He characterized gender roles which deviated from his view of what gender roles should be as "a violation of the natural order". The church, he said, "should protect man from the destruction of himself". He said a sort of ecology of man was needed, adding: "The tropical forests do deserve our protection; but man, as a creature, does not deserve any less." He attacked what he described as gender theories which "lead towards the self-emancipation of man from creation and the creator"."[116][117] LGBT groups such as the Italian Arcigay and German LSVD have announced that they found the Pope's comments homophobic.[118] Aurelio Mancuso, head of Arcigay, saying "A divine programme for men and women is out of line with nature, where the roles are not so clear."[116] Father Federico Lombardi, a Vatican spokesman, claimed the pope had not wished specifically to attack homosexuality, and had not mentioned gays or lesbians in his text. Father Lombardi insisted, however, that there had been an overreaction to the pope's remarks. "He was speaking more generally about gender theories which overlook the fundamental difference in creation between men and women and focus instead on cultural conditioning." Nevertheless, the remarks were interpreted as a call to save mankind from homosexuals and transsexuals.[116] International relations Benedict with then President of Russia Vladimir Putin on 13 March 2007.Main article: Foreign relations of the Vatican Migrants and refugees In a message released 14 November 2006, during a Vatican press conference for the 2007 annual observance of World Day for Migrants and Refugees, the pope urged the ratification of international conventions and policies that defend all migrants, including refugees, exiles, evacuees, and internally displaced persons. "The church encourages the ratification of the international legal instruments that aim to defend the rights of migrants, refugees and their families," the pope said. "Much is already being done for the integration of the families of immigrants, although much still remains to be done."[119] Pope Benedict has also promoted various UN events, such as World Refugee Day, on which he offered up special prayers for refugees and called for the international community to do more to secure refugees' human rights. He also called on Catholic communities and organizations to offer them concrete help.[120] China Main article: Sino-Vaticanese relations On 28 June 2006, for the first time in more than five years, an official Vatican delegation visited China and met with government officials, signaling a warming between the two states that had previously been locked in conflict. "This is a real gesture by the Vatican and its diplomats," said the Reverend Bernardo Cervellera, director of AsiaNews, a Catholic missionary news service with close links to the Vatican. In sending diplomats to Beijing, the Vatican, under Pope Benedict XVI, is publicly expressing interest in improving relations with China despite the recent conflicts.[121] In 2007 Benedict sent a letter at Easter to Catholics in China that could have wide-ranging implications for the church's relationship with China's leadership. The letter provides long-requested guidance to Chinese bishops on how to respond to illicitly ordained bishops, as well as how to strengthen ties with the Patriotic Association and the Communist government.[122] Korea On 13 November 2006, Benedict said the dispute over the North Korea nuclear weapons program should be resolved through negotiations, in his first public comment on the security issue, a news report said. "The Holy See encourages bilateral or multilateral negotiations, convinced that the solution must be sought through peaceful means and in respect for agreements taken by all sides to obtain the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula." Benedict was talking to the new Japanese ambassador to the Vatican.[123] Turkey In a 2004 Le Figaro interview, Ratzinger said that Turkey, which is demographically Muslim but governmentally secular by virtue of its state constitution (see Secularism in Turkey), should seek its future in an association of Muslim nations rather than the European Union, which Ratzinger has stated has Christian roots. He said Turkey had always been "in permanent contrast to Europe" and that linking it to Europe would be a mistake.[124] Later visiting the country to "reiterate the solidarity between the cultures," it was reported that he made a counter-statement backing Turkey's bid to join the EU. Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ErdoÄŸan, after meeting the pope upon his arrival in Ankara, the pope's first visit to a majority Muslim country, said that the pope told him that while the Vatican seeks to stay out of politics it desires Turkey's membership in the EU.[125][126] However, the Common Declaration of Pope Benedict XVI and Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople implied that support for Turkey's membership in the European Union would be contingent on the establishment of religious freedom in Turkey:[127] "In every step towards unification, minorities must be protected, with their cultural traditions and the distinguishing features of their religion."[128] The Declaration also reiterates Pope Benedict XVI's call for Europe to preserve its Christian roots. Israel In May 2009 he visited Israel, where David D'Or and Dudu Fisher sang for him upon his arrival.[129][130] Global economy In 2009 the Pope intervened in global economic and political affairs with his third encyclical , Charity in Truth, which can be viewed on the Vatican's web site.[131] The document sets out the Pope's position on the case for worldwide redistribution of wealth in considerable detail and goes on to discusses the environment, migration, terrorism, sexual tourism, bioethics, energy and population issues. The Financial Times has reported that the Pope's advocacy for a fairer redistribution of wealth has helped set the agenda for the 2009 July G8 summit.[132] [133] Nuclear energy Pope Benedict XVI has called for nuclear disarmament. At the same time, he has supported the peaceful use of nuclear energy as a tool for the development and fighting against poverty. In his message for the 50th anniversary of the founding of the International Atomic Energy Agency, he confirmed: "The Holy See, fully approving of the IAEA's goal, has been a member from the organization's foundation and continues to support its activity.".[134] Interests Pope Benedict is known to be deeply interested in classical music,[135] and is himself an accomplished pianist.[136] He has a grand piano in his papal quarters. The Pontiff's favorite composer is Mozart, of whose music the Pope said: "His music is by no means just entertainment; it contains the whole tragedy of human existence."[137] Benedict also stated that Mozart's music affected him greatly as a young man and "deeply penetrated his soul."[137] Pope Benedict has recorded an album of contemporary classical music in which Benedict sings and recites prayers to the Virgin Mary.[138] The album is set for a November 30, 2009 release. Pope Benedict's other major interest is cats.[135] As Cardinal Ratzinger he was known to look after stray cats in Rome. A book called "Joseph and Chico: A Cat Recounts the Life of Pope Benedict XVI" was published in 2007 which told the story of the Pope's life from the feline Chico's perspective. This story was inspired by a real orange tabby Pentling cat, which belonged to the family next door.[139] During his trip to Australia for World Youth Day in 2008 the media reported that festival organizers lent the Pope a grey cat called "Bella"[140] in order to keep him company during his stay.[141] See also List of books by Pope Benedict XVI Works of Pope Benedict XVI - literature written by Pope Benedict XVI Theology of Pope Benedict XVI - philosophical and theological beliefs of Pope Benedict XVI Georg Gänswein - private secretary to Benedict Dominus Iesus - document written by Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith The Message of Fatima - document on the release of the Third Secret of Fatima Pope Benedict - list of other popes and antipopes using the name Benedict List of encyclicals of Pope Benedict XVI Papal regalia and insignia - papal attire References ^ The precise number of popes has been a matter for scholarly debate for centuries. John A. 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Accessed 12 May 2008. ^ a b BBC News Article:"Pope sorry for offending Muslims," last accessed 17 September 2006 ^ "Lecture of the Holy Father - Faith, Reason and the University Memories and Reflections", Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 12 September 2006 (German) ^ "Pope to hold seminar with Muslims", CNN, 5 March 2008. Accessed 13 May 2008. ^ Administrator (2008-11-08). "First Seminar of the Catholic‐Muslim Forum Rome, 4‐6 November 2008 Final Declaration". 209.85.173.132. http://209.85.173.132/search?q=cache:LB7PMRAUwP4J:acommonword.com/en/attachments/108_FinalFinalCommunique.pdf+%22catholic-muslim+forum%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=9&gl=us. Retrieved 2009-05-06. ^ "His Holiness the Dalai Lama Greets New Pope", Phayul.com, 20 April 2005; Korean Catholics Welcome New Pontiff", English.chosun.com, 20 April 2005 ^ "China blamed for absence of Papal audience for Dalai Lama", AKI - Adnkronos International, retrieve 19 June 2009[1] ^ a b c Fisher, Ian (24 May 2007). "Pope softens comments on S. American natives". The New York Times. ^ Fisher, Ian.Pope tries to quell anger over speech he gave in Brazil, International Herald Tribune, 23 May 2007. Accessed 13 May 2008. ^ ISKCON Scholar To Meet With The Pope ISKCON News ^ Young Vaisnava Scholar to Bring a Gift to the Pope ISKCON News ^ Faculty Bhaktivedanta College ^ A Boise wunderkind turned religion professor will greet Pope: Ravi Gupta will present the pontiff a Hindu symbol as a token of goodwill among faiths. Idaho Statesman ^ ISKCON Scholar Greets Pope on Behalf Of US Hindus ISKCON News ^ Despite missteps, pope reaching out to other faiths Reuters ^ Moore, Molly. "Turks Protest Pope's Coming Visit", The Washington Post, 27 November 2006. Accessed 13 May 2008. ^ Massive security for Pope's Turkey visit, Ireland On-Line, 28 November 2006. Accessed 13 May 2008. ^ Vatican radio, Pope Benedict XVI Arrives in Vienna ^ Pope honours Austrian Jewish dead, BBC News, 7 September 2007. Accessed 13 May 2008. ^ Heiligenkreuz webpage. Retrieved 26 March 2009. ^ "Pope Benedict XVI begins first U.S. tour", CNN, 16 April 2008. Accessed 13 May 2008. ^ Associated Press. "Bush, Thousands of Fans Welcome Pope at White House on His Birthday", Fox News, 16 April 2008. Accessed 13 May 2008. ^ Nadine Elsibai (17 April 2008). "Pope Benedict Says Mass Before 47,000 in New Washington Stadium". http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a4XCdKnx9gfw. ^ United Nations General Assembly Verbotim Report meeting 95 session 62 page 3, Pope Benedict XVI Holy See on 18 April 2008 (retrieved 2008-07-01) ^ Duin, Julia. "Youths revel in pope's message", The Washington Times, 20 April 2008. Accessed 13 May 2008. ^ "Pope Benedict XVI to visit United States". Archdiocese of New Orleans. 2007-11-12. http://www.arch-no.org/index.php?name=News&file=article&sid=939. Retrieved 2007-11-24. ^ afp.google.com, Pope apologises for 'evil' of child sex abuse ^ uk.reuters.com, Pope sorry for Church sexual abuse ^ huliq.com, Pope Condemns Materialism as "Pagan" ^ ukpress.google.com, Pope drinks spring water at shrine ^ Does The Pope Wear Prada? 25 April 2006 in the Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 19 January 2007. ^ Coat of Arms of His Holiness Benedict XVI, The Vatican. ^ BBC News. (2005) Pope rejects condoms for Africa. Retrieved from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4081276.stm ^ Protection against AIDS ^ a b Time article "Condom Fight: The Vatican Strikes Back" ^ Butt, Riazat. "Pope claims condoms could make African Aids crisis worse." The Guardian. 17 March 2009. 17 March 2009. ^ On the Pastoral Care of Homosexual Persons: http://www.vatican.edu/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19861001_homosexual-persons_en.html ^ OPCHP ^ Saletan, William (29 November 2005). "Gland Inquisitor: Pope Benedict's antigay tendencies.". Slate. http://www.slate.com/id/2131019/. Retrieved 30 December 2008. ^ a b c Kington, Tom; Riazat Butt (24 December 2008). "Pope angers campaigners with speech seen as attack on homosexuality". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/dec/24/pope-speech-gender-gay-sexuality. Retrieved 30 December 2008. ^ Donadio, Rachel (22 December 2008). "The Vatican: In Speech, Pope Calls Homosexual Behavior a Violation". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/23/world/europe/23briefs-INSPEECHPOPE_BRF.html?fta=y. Retrieved 28 December 2008. ^ LSVD:Warum hetzt der Papst immer wieder gegen Homosexuelle? ^ Pope Benedict XVI message for 93rd World Day of Migrants and Refugees ^ Pope offers prayers to refugees for United Nations' World Refugee Day ^ Beijing receives Vatican delegation, signaling a thaw ^ Letter of Pope Benedict XVI to Chinese Catholics, 27 May 2007 ^ Pope urges talks to make Korean Peninsula nuclear free ^ Jim Bencivenga, "Navigating a clash of civilizations: Examining the new pope's old comments on Turkey's entry into the European Union," Christian Science Monitor. 22 April 2005. ^ Pope Benedict Backs Turkey's European Union Bid ^ Pope calls for religious exchange ^ "Pope did not change stance on Turkey and EU", Spero News, 30 November 2006 ^ "Common Declaration by His Holiness Benedict XVI and Patriarch Bartholomew I", 30 November 2006 ^ Cashman, Greer Fay (May 12, 2009). "Grapevine: The eyes have it". The Jerusalem Post. http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1242029511750&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FPrinter. Retrieved 2009-05-14. ^ "David D'Or and Dudu Fisher Sing for the Pope". Consulate General of Israel in New York. 2009. http://www.israelfm.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=165&Itemid=146. Retrieved 2009-05-14. ^ His holy father , Pope Benedict XVI (2009-07-07). "CARITAS IN VERITATE "Charity in Truth"". The Vatican. http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20090629_caritas-in-veritate_en.html. Retrieved 2009-07-07. ^ Guy Dinmore in Rome (2009-07-07). "Pope condemns capitalism’s ‘failures’". The Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/cc9150d0-6af4-11de-861d-00144feabdc0.html. Retrieved 2009-07-07. ^ Ruth Gledhill, (2009-07-07). "Pope Benedict XVI calls for new economic system based on love in G8 message". The Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article6657155.ece. Retrieved 2009-07-07. ^ "Pope calls for disarmament, backs nuke energy". Catholic News. 2007-07-31. http://www.cathnews.com/news/707/171.php. Retrieved 2007-08-01. ^ a b Pope Benedict's creature comforts ^ [2][dead link] ^ a b "Mozart: Catholic, Master Mason, favorite of the pope | National Catholic Reporter | Find Articles at BNET". Findarticles.com. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1141/is_38_42/ai_n26705248. Retrieved 2009-05-06. ^ Music Album retrieved 8/02/2009 ^ ap.google.com, Did the Aussies give the pope a cat for company? ^ "Pope's smitten with a kitten | NEWS.com.au". News.com.au. 2008-07-14. http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,24015355-421,00.html. Retrieved 2009-05-06. ^ Jul 13, 2008 (2008-07-13). "AFP: Pope rests with piano and cat ahead of World Youth Day". Afp.google.com. http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iCVZy8nzclwYUHEVtFpVM7LOLY8w. Retrieved 2009-05-06. Further reading Books by Pope Benedict Daughter Zion: Meditations on the Church's Marian Belief (1983) Schauen auf den Durchbohrten: Versuche zu einer spirituellen Christologie — The Theological Basis for a Spiritual Christology (1984) (English title Behold the Pierced One, Ignatius, 1986) Ratzinger, Joseph (1985). The Ratzinger Report. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. ISBN 0898700809. Dogma and Preaching (Franciscan Herald, 1985) Feast of Faith: Approaches to a Theology of the Liturgy (Ignatius, 1986) Principles of Christian Morality (Ignatius, 1986) Journey Towards Easter: Retreat Given in the Vatican in the Presence of Pope John Paul II (1987) Principles of Catholic Theology: Building Stones for a Fundamental Theology (Ignatius, 1987) Ratzinger, Joseph (1988). Johann Auer and Joseph Ratzinger. ed. Eschatology, Death and Eternal Life. Dogmatic Theology. 9. Washington: Catholic University of America Press. ISBN 0813206332. Mary: God's Yes to Man : Pope John Paul II Encyclical Letter : Mother of the Redeemer (Ignatius, 1988) "In the Beginning...": A Catholic Understanding of the Story of Creation and the Fall (Our Sunday Visitor, 1990) To Look on Christ: Exercises in Faith, Hope, and Love (Crossroad, 1991) Co-Workers of the Truth: Meditations for Every Day of the Year (Ignatius, 1992) The Meaning of Christian Brotherhood (Ignatius, 1993) A Turning Point for Europe?: The Church in the Modern World-Assessment and Forecast (Ignatius, 1994) The Nature and Mission of Theology: Essays to Orient Theology in Today's Debates (Ignatius, 1995) Called to Communion: Understanding the Church Today (Ignatius, 1996) Gospel, Catechesis, Catechism: Sidelights on the Catechism of the Catholic Church (Ignatius, 1997) Ratzinger, Joseph (1997). Salt of the Earth: an interview with Peter Seewald. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. ISBN 0898706408. Catechism of the Catholic Church: Corrigenda (1998) Ad Tuendam Fidem — to Protect the Faith (1998) Milestones: Memoirs 1927-1977 (Ignatius, 1998) Many Religions, One Covenant: Israel, the Church, and the World (1999) The Spirit of the Liturgy (2000) Introduction to Christianity, revised ed. (Ignatius, 2004) God and the World: A Conversation With Peter Seewald (Ignatius, 2002) God Is Near Us: The Eucharist, the Heart of Life (Ignatius, 2003) Truth and Tolerance: Christian Belief And World Religions (Ignatius, 2004) Way of the Cross at the Colosseum on Good Friday 2005, Introduction, and Meditations and prayers on the 14 Stations of the Cross. The End of Time?: The Provocation of Talking about God (2005) Pilgrim Fellowship Of Faith: The Church As Communion (Ignatius, 2005) On the Way to Jesus Christ (Ignatius, 2005) God's Revolution (Ignatius, 2006) Christianity and the Crisis of Cultures (Ignatius, 2006) Values in a Time of Upheaval (Ignatius, 2006) Pope Benedict XVI (2006). God Is Love(Deus Caritas Est), First Encyclical of Pope Benedict XVI. City: USCCB Publisher. ISBN 1574557580. Pope Benedict XVI (2007). Jesus of Nazareth: from the Baptism in the Jordan to the Transfiguration. Garden City: Doubleday. ISBN 0385523416. Pope Benedict XVI (2007). The Apostles. Huntington: Our Sunday Visitor. ISBN 9781592764051. Pope Benedict XVI (2005). Robert Moynihan. ed. Let God's Light Shine Forth:The Spiritual Vision of Pope Benedict XVI. Garden City: Doubleday. ISBN 0385507925. Literature about Pope Benedict Allen, John L.: Cardinal Ratzinger: the Vatican's enforcer of the faith. – New York: Continuum, 2000 Herrmann, Horst: Benedikt XVI. Der neue Papst aus Deutschland. – Berlin 2005 Nichols OP, Aidan: Theology of Joseph Ratzinger. – Edinburgh; T&T Clark, 1988 Pater Prior Maximilian Heim: Joseph Ratzinger — Kirchliche Existenz und existenzielle Theologie unter dem Anspruch von Lumen gentium (diss.). Twomey, D. Vincent, S.V.D.: Pope Benedict XVI: The Conscience of Our Age (A Theological Portrait). – San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2007 Wagner, Karl: Kardinal Ratzinger: der Erzbischof in München und Freising in Wort und Bild. – München : Pfeiffer, 1977 Biographies Allen, John L. The Rise of Benedict XVI: The Inside Story of How the Pope Was Elected and Where He Will Take the Catholic Church. NY: Doubleday, 2005. ISBN 0-385-51320-8. Allen, John L. Pope Benedict XVI: A Biography of Joseph Ratzinger. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005. ISBN 0-8264-1786-8. This is a reprint of Allen's 2000 book Cardinal Ratzinger: the Vatican's Enforcer of the Faith, reprinted without Allen's permission. Bardazzi, Marco. In the Vineyard of the Lord : The Life, Faith, and Teachings of Joseph Ratzinger, Pope Benedict XVI. New York: Rizzoli International, 2005. ISBN 0-8478-2801-8 Bunson, Matthew. We Have a Pope! Benedict XVI Huntington, IN: Our Sunday Visitor. ISBN 1-59276-180-1. Tobin, Greg. Holy Father : Pope Benedict XVI: Pontiff for a New Era. Sterling, 2005. ISBN 1-4027-3172-8. Weigel, George. God's Choice: Pope Benedict XVI and the Future of the Catholic Church, Harper Collins, 2005. ISBN 0-06-621331-2. Documentaries The Keys of the Kingdom, from John Paul II to Benedict XVI, produced by Vatican Television Center, distributed by HDH Communications, 2006. 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Question: "Does God exist? Is there evidence for the existence of God?" Answer: The existence of God cannot be proved or disproved. The Bible says that we must accept by faith the fact that God exists: “And without faith it is impossible to please God, because anyone who comes to Him must believe that He exists and that He rewards those who earnestly seek Him” (Hebrews 11:6). If God so desired, He could simply appear and prove to the whole world that He exists. But if He did that, there would be no need for faith. “Then Jesus told him, ‘Because you have seen me, you have believed; blessed are those who have not seen and yet have believed’” (John 20:29). That does not mean, however, that there is no evidence of God’s existence. The Bible states, “The heavens declare the glory of God; the skies proclaim the work of His hands. Day after day they pour forth speech; night after night they display knowledge. There is no speech or language where their voice is not heard. Their voice goes out into all the earth, their words to the ends of the world” (Psalm 19:1-4). Looking at the stars, understanding the vastness of the universe, observing the wonders of nature, seeing the beauty of a sunset—all of these things point to a Creator God. If these were not enough, there is also evidence of God in our own hearts. Ecclesiastes 3:11 tells us, “…He has also set eternity in the hearts of men.” Deep within us is the recognition that there is something beyond this life and someone beyond this world. We can deny this knowledge intellectually, but God’s presence in us and all around us is still obvious. Despite this, the Bible warns that some will still deny God’s existence: “The fool says in his heart, ‘There is no God’” (Psalm 14:1). Since the vast majority of people throughout history, in all cultures, in all civilizations, and on all continents believe in the existence of some kind of God, there must be something (or someone) causing this belief. In addition to the biblical arguments for God’s existence, there are logical arguments. First, there is the ontological argument. The most popular form of the ontological argument uses the concept of God to prove God’s existence. It begins with the definition of God as “a being than which no greater can be conceived.” It is then argued that to exist is greater than to not exist, and therefore the greatest conceivable being must exist. If God did not exist, then God would not be the greatest conceivable being, and that would contradict the very definition of God. A second argument is the teleological argument. The teleological argument states that since the universe displays such an amazing design, there must have been a divine Designer. For example, if the Earth were significantly closer or farther away from the sun, it would not be capable of supporting much of the life it currently does. If the elements in our atmosphere were even a few percentage points different, nearly every living thing on earth would die. The odds of a single protein molecule forming by chance is 1 in 10243 (that is a 10 followed by 243 zeros). A single cell is comprised of millions of protein molecules. A third logical argument for God’s existence is called the cosmological argument. Every effect must have a cause. This universe and everything in it is an effect. There must be something that caused everything to come into existence. Ultimately, there must be something “un-caused” in order to cause everything else to come into existence. That “un-caused” cause is God. A fourth argument is known as the moral argument. Every culture throughout history has had some form of law. Everyone has a sense of right and wrong. Murder, lying, stealing, and immorality are almost universally rejected. Where did this sense of right and wrong come from if not from a holy God? Despite all of this, the Bible tells us that people will reject the clear and undeniable knowledge of God and believe a lie instead. Romans 1:25 declares, “They exchanged the truth of God for a lie, and worshiped and served created things rather than the Creator—who is forever praised. Amen.” The Bible also proclaims that people are without excuse for not believing in God: “For since the creation of the world God's invisible qualities—His eternal power and divine nature—have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that men are without excuse” (Romans 1:20). People claim to reject God’s existence because it is “not scientific” or “because there is no proof.” The true reason is that once they admit that there is a God, they also must realize that they are responsible to God and in need of forgiveness from Him (Romans 3:23, 6:23). If God exists, then we are accountable to Him for our actions. If God does not exist, then we can do whatever we want without having to worry about God judging us. That is why many of those who deny the existence of God cling strongly to the theory of naturalistic evolution—it gives them an alternative to believing in a Creator God. God exists and ultimately everyone knows that He exists. The very fact that some attempt so aggressively to disprove His existence is in fact an argument for His existence. How do we know God exists? As Christians, we know God exists because we speak to Him every day. We do not audibly hear Him speaking to us, but we sense His presence, we feel His leading, we know His love, we desire His grace. Things have occurred in our lives that have no possible explanation other than God. God has so miraculously saved us and changed our lives that we cannot help but acknowledge and praise His existence. None of these arguments can persuade anyone who refuses to acknowledge what is already obvious. In the end, God’s existence must be accepted by faith (Hebrews 11:6). Faith in God is not a blind leap into the dark; it is safe step into a well-lit room where the vast majority of people are already standing.