ANSWERS: 2
  • I'm drawing a (hopefully temporary) blank here. Hobbes is the English dude advocating the "Pleasure Principle"? Please refresh my memory?
  • Hobbes system in short: people, insofar as they are rational, want to live out their lives in peace and security. To do this, they must come together into cities or states of sufficient size to prevent attack by other groups. But when people come together in large groups there will always be some who cannot be trusted, and thus it is necessary to set up a government with the power to enforce laws. This government gets its right to govern from the consent of the governed, which has the primary duty to the people's safety. As long as the government provides this safety the citizens are obliged to obey its dictates. Thus, the rationality of seeking lasting preservation requires seeking peace. This in turn requires setting up a state with sufficient power to keep the peace. Anything that threatens this stability is to be avoided. However, this would entail accepting the commands of a sovereign (i.e. the laws as the overriding guide for actions) as infalible. If indeed human beings are capable of immorality, does this not also extend to the potential immorality of the sovereign in power? Thus, if the sovereign disobeys the laws, punishing him/her/them would inevitably lead to dissention leading to war, contrary to the stable society the sovereign means to ensure. Hobbes consequently involves himself in a paradox. The goal of a government may be to ensure peace through the exercise of morality, but does this morality not involve itself in a seemingly irreconcilable contradiction between rational self-interest and morality? For this reason I probably disagree with Hobbes' theory. Authorities are necessary to keep the peace and enforce the laws, but they can never be regarded as sovereign (e.g. an exclusively independent rule of conduct) free from criticism. Often times such reasoning is used to justify dictatorships. The veiled intention to preserve peace is instead a system of intolerance requiring uniformity among the population being governed.

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