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The story of this is contained in chapters 41 - 50 of the book of Genesis and chapter one of Exodus. To summarize, Joseph the son of Jacob (aka Israel) found himself in Egypt where he was placed in a position to such that he was able to warn Pharaoh of a coming famine and advised him to store up food in preparation for this famine. As a result of this warning Joseph become a man of great power in Egypt. So, when the famine struck Egypt had more than enough food to meet its needs and was able to sell the excess to other people. Jacob heard about the plenty in Egypt and eventually learned of his son's position of power there. So, at Joseph's behest, Jacob moved his entire family to Egypt so as to insure that they would survive the famine. The descendants of Jacob, the Israelites wound up staying in Egypt for 400 years during which time they multiplied and became a very numerous people. The Egyptians began to worry about the possibility of the Israelites betraying then in a war. So, the Egyptians enslaved the Israelites. And this is where Exodus picks up the story.
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