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ANSWERS: 3
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The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. They were the descendants of the original Viking conquerors of the territory and the native population of mostly Frankish and Gallo-Roman stock. Their identity first emerged in the first half of the tenth century and gradually evolved over the succeeding centuries until they disappeared as an ethnic group in the early thirteenth century. The name "Normans" is derived from "Northmen" or "Norsemen", after the Vikings from Scandinavia who founded Normandy (Northmannia in its original Latin). They played a major political, military, and cultural role in medieval Europe and even the Near East. They were famed for the martial spirit and for their Christian piety. They quickly adopted the Romance language of the land they settled in, their dialect becoming known as Norman, an important literary language. The Duchy of Normandy which they formed by treaty with the French crown was one of the great large fiefs of medieval France.
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The Norman conquest of England began in 1066 AD with the invasion of the Kingdom of England by the troops of conqueror Guillaume Le Conquérant (William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy), and his success at the Battle of Hastings resulted in Norman control of England. The Norman Conquest was a pivotal event in English history for several reasons. This conquest linked England more closely with continental Europe through the introduction of a Norman aristocracy, thereby lessening Scandinavian influence. The invasion of England created one of the most powerful monarchies in Europe and engendered a sophisticated governmental system. The conquest changed the English language and culture and set the stage for a rivalry with France that would continue intermittently for the next millennium. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England
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The Normans were Christian descendents of the Vikings, who lived, or at least were from, Normandy. In the case of Italy, which you seem to be asking this question about, it was Norman mercenaries led by Roger I who defeated the Muslims who controlled the island of Sicily, leaving it in Norman control.
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