Yes. Here's a site about some submarine carriers: http://www.hazegray.org/navhist/carriers/odd/index2.htm

During WWII the japanese had developed two large submarines the 401 and 402 that contained catapaults and storage to launch 3 seaplanes each. It is interesting to note that both of these vessels were fully manned and kept in readiness during the war when the rest of the navy was undermanned and ships such as the Yammato were sent on one way missions with a skeleton crew and not enough fuel for a return trip. There actually were several subs created in the I-400 series ( the 1101 and 1100 were German subs) but the 401 and 402 were the two that were kept in readiness during the war at all times. It has been theorized that the Japanese atomic bomb projects had been moved to KONAN in 1943/44 were sufficiently well enough advanced ( the nips were ahead of the nazis in their experiments) to launch at least a contamination bomb run against the West Coast of the USA from these submarines. To my rater: The question asks, CAN FIGHTER AIRCRAFT BE LAUNCHED FROM SUBMARINES (empahsis added) It did not say JET, just fighter...there are no such things as fighter aircraft anymore. This begs the question of what exactly is a fighter? Its a good one because there are no more fighter aircraft or pure pursuit aircraft. There are several roles that an aircraft can be used for. These include, but aren't limited to Air Superiority, Ground Attack, Close Air Support, Airborne warning, Bombing. We still use the term fighters, but there are no more pure pursuit squadrons in either the airforce or the navy. As such the concept of fighter had been abandoned in the 1960's and 1970's as the concept of the multi-role aircraft performing air superiority missions came about. Why? Research the shooting star program and the failure it was when it the USAF tried to use it in a non-air superiority role. The changing nature of the battlefiled required the basic air tactics doctrines to be radically changed. Its a common misnomer to use the term fighter just as calling the A-10 a warthog is INCORRECT as its proper name is THUNDERBOLT II and the term, PIG, HOG, or WARTHOG is commonly applied to military apparatus such as the M-60MG, the M60A3, or a heavy weapon.....For example, when I had an armor company, during the time the A3 and the Abrams were both fielded, we used to call the BN's with M1's jedi tankers and we were the dinosaur tankers driving our old warthogs. When I was just a basic infantryman, and brand new recruit everyone wanted to carry and fire the M-60MG and you used to get guys arguing: Hey, I want to carry the PIG/HOG today......but I'm digressing. What you call a fighter aircraft today is just one of the many roles a specific aircraft can play---such as the F-15 which was designed for air-superiority, ground attack, as well as other supporting roles. It is not a pure pursuit weapon--mainly because the use of a 15 or 20 million dollar apiece piece of hardware is cost ineffective. To answer if jet aircraft could be launched from submarines...the answer is, it depends. Which role do you want them to fulfill? Harriers which are vertical take-off and landing aircraft and are classified as a multi-role aircraft, and it would be possible, in theory and practice to combine the japanese model with harriers which could take off from the hull of the submarine, without the need for catapaults. With regards to current air-superiority aircraft, the design of modern submarines would preclue their being used because of the aircraft's size and compactability. Again it would be theoritically possible to have portable catapults in a Japanese type configuration to launch F-5E's from a submarine, or the Israeli verision called the Kfir (sp), but the former is no longer in general service in the USAF and Israel doesn't have submarines large enough to even test the theory. More importantly, the use of submarines to transport aircraft is no longer a viable concept in terms of the execution of war or military operations. Alot of the duties that might have been accomplished by doing this can be easier accomplished through the use of unmanned drones, which could be launched from some submarines...