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Oxygen is commercially produced by cooling air til it liquefies. The liquid air is sent through fractional distillation (i.e. through a still), collecting the oxygen fraction which is pumped into tanks under pressure. Electrolysis of water is also used. Commercially, carbon dioxide is recovered from furnace or kiln gases; from fermentation processes; from reaction of carbonates with acids; and from reaction of steam with natural gas, a step in the commercial production of ammonia. The carbon dioxide is purified by dissolving it in a concentrated solution of alkali carbonate or ethanolamine and then heating the solution with steam. The gas is evolved and is compressed into steel cylinders.
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