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This is used to describe the behavior of participants in a capitalist society which upholds property rights. A person wants to raise their standard of living (self-interest) and so perform the actions necessary to meet those ends. When a person exercises "rational" self-interest, a healthy economy emerges. But when "irrational" self-interests are indulged in, a healthy economy is threatened. Rational self-interest is the driver of competition, which lowers prices and fosters innovation, which further raises the standards of living.
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