ANSWERS: 3
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Need more detail. What are you trying to read? .... file? network? device? memory? What format is it in? ...raw? .... image? ... .sound? ... some proprietary format? What operating system and programming environment are you targeting? Without this information, it is impossible to provide a specific answer.
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binary is a numerical representation of some code. generally, if you are referring to memory content it can be either data or code (instructions for the cpu to execute). If it is data what you want to read then you need to provide more information on what type of data it is because 1001010101001 can be a letter, an index, a pixel color or whatever. If it is instructions for the cpu then there is almos a 1:1 relationship between binary code and the most basic set of cpu instructions and if you can find (I guess it is not hard to do) the set of instructions for your particular cpu then you can easily map your binary code to that set and build-up backwards understanding what is that the code wants the cpu to do.
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Wikipedia's entry on the binary number system has a fairly complete section on counting and simple arithmetic in binary. Take a look - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_numeral_system#Counting_in_binary
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