Well, I can answer #1 for you. While drilling an oil well an accident occurred were they lost surface control of the pressures down-hole (due to sub-standard practices and engineering). When the pressure was released from the well at surface, it allowed the natural water pressure from below to flow to surface. Unfortunately, this natural water pressure was coming from a highly fractured rock formation which stretches up into the mountainous rain-forest regions (remember that rocks are created in layers). So now, everyday when it rains up in the the mountainous rainforest, the water flows through the under ground rock formations exiting from the old oil-well (much hotter and looking grey from the sediment now entrained in the water). It may look like a geyser coming up and out of the ground, but actually it's just flowing out of the hills via underground rock formation because of gravity / hydrostatic pressure. But as long as it continues to rain in the rainforest, the hot mud will continue to come "out" of the ground.... If you search the internet I'm sure you can find pictures of the disaster before the rig - town - countryside was washed away. (A Chinese company and an Indonesian (Indian?) Company were drilling the well in Java. For financing reasons they brought on board Santos from Australia to act as a silent partner. The reason I mentioned the business partners --completely off topic-- is just that people are now blaming Santos for the disaster. In actuality, the two companies which where doing the actual project immediately dissolved and returned to their own countries leaving the silent partner Santos holding the bill... the only company willing to attempt to correct this disgrace. Nice.)