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SGML is a "meta" language that is used for defining markup languages. A markup language defined using SGML has a specific vocabulary (labels for elements and attributes) and a declared syntax (grammar defining the hierarchy and other features). Conceived notionally in the 1960s - 1970s, the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML, ISO 8879:1986) gave birth to a profile/subset called the Extensible Markup Language (XML), published as a W3C Recommendation in 1998. Depending upon your perspective and requirements, the differences between SGML and XML are inconsequential or immense. SGML is more customizable (thus flexible and more "powerful") at the expense of being (much) more expensive to implement.
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