What are the treatments for velopharyngeal insufficiency?

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Velopharyngeal insufficiency is treated with a combination of surgery and speech therapy. There are several surgical procedures that can be performed to correct the physical malfunction. They include:
- Pharyngeal flap procedure that moves the skin flap from the pharynx to the soft palate.
- Palatal push-back that separates the hard and soft palate in order to lengthen the soft palate.
- Pharyngoplasty that lengthens the soft palate by turning the pharyngeal skin flaps.
- Augmentation pharyngoplasty that inserts an implant into the pharyngeal wall to enlarge it, thus narrowing the velopharyngeal opening.
- Velopharyngeal sphincter reconstruction.
Source: The Gale Group. Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, 3rd ed.";
<div class="section1"> <p>Velopharyngeal insufficiency is treated with a combination of surgery and speech therapy. There are several surgical procedures that can be performed to correct the physical malfunction. They include:<ul> <li>Pharyngeal flap procedure that moves the skin flap from the pharynx to the soft palate. </li> <li>Palatal push-back that separates the hard and soft palate in order to lengthen the soft palate. </li> <li>Pharyngoplasty that lengthens the soft palate by turning the pharyngeal skin flaps. </li> <li>Augmentation pharyngoplasty that inserts an implant into the pharyngeal wall to enlarge it, thus narrowing the velopharyngeal opening. </li> <li>Velopharyngeal sphincter reconstruction.</li> </ul></p> </div><p><i>Source: The Gale Group. Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, 3rd ed.</i>";

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