by 
The Curious Bag
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Your check-engine light will be turned on when your car's internal computer detects a diagnostic problem, according to 2CarPros.com. Your car's computer has sensors throughout your car that detect problems.
Gas Cap
Forgetting to put the gas cap back on after refueling may set off your check-engine light. The gas cap holds the fuel tank in a slight vacuum, which cannot happen without the gas cap.
Thermostat
Your engine's thermostat may be stuck open. This forces your coolant to stay at too cool a temperature.
Shorted Oxygen Sensor
Your oxygen sensor gets sensors from main sensors in your car's computer. If a sensor is shorted out, the system will be unable to check this sensor and trigger the check-engine light.
Fuel Injector Short
If your fuel injector short circuits, the check-engine light will be triggered. This issue may also cause your car to stop running.
Other Issues
Blown fuses can trigger the check-engine light. The light may be triggered if your mechanic forgets to plug a sensor back in after a repair.
Source:
2CarPros.com: Service Engine Soon or Check Engine Light
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