by 
The Curious Bag
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Microwaves are complex ovens that use many different parts to operate and quickly cook your food. Understanding these parts can help you understand your microwave and the way it works.
Controller
The controller is on the front of your microwave. You input how long you want your food to cook and at what power and the input from the controller is then sent to a device called the triac.
Triac
The triac is an electronic relay that acts as the intermediary between your controller and the high voltage transformer (HV) transformer. The triac converts the input from the controller into information for the HV transformer.
HV Transformer
The high voltage transformer uses the information from the triac to convert electricity from your power source into a much higher voltage. This higher voltage is necessary for running your magnetron.
Magnetron
The magnetron converts high voltage electricity into electromagnetic or microwave frequencies. These microwaves are necessary for your microwave to cook. These waves are sent to the wave guide.
Wave Guide
The wave guide will then focus these microwaves into the cooking area of your microwave, where the stirrer fan will distribute them evenly to cook your food quickly, and easily.
Source:
Gallawa: How Exactly Does a Microwave Work
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