ANSWERS: 5
  • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_quotient If you really want the technical answer, here it is. IQ (intelligence quotient) tests are generally not given the weight they used to be, but they are still used to get a general idea of a person's potential.
  • IQ doesn't aim to give a total evaluation of intelligence. Think at it like a test on the properties of a sponge in a tub. You test and prod how much water was left in it, then you measure it. The fact that, even if exactly equal, a sponge soaked in a big tub, and a sponge left in the sun will hold a different amounts of water. So, in the past there were women doing worse than males, and someone thought women were less intelligent, but in fact it was discovered that due to society pressuring men into learn and women into grow into housemakes some girl were left with different knowledges. Today, a genetist wrongly said that coloured people are less intelligent, but a sociologist can tell you that someone living in Harlem has less "water", and I mean stimuli and things to learn, than a "silver-spoon" kid in Queens
  • 1) "Alfred Binet (July 8, 1857 – October 18, 1911), French psychologist and inventor of the first usable intelligence test, the basis of today's IQ test. Born in Nice, Binet was a French psychologist who published the first modern intelligence test, the Binet-Simon intelligence scale, in 1905. His principal goal was to identify students who needed special help in coping with the school curriculum. Along with his collaborator Théodore Simon, Binet published revisions of his intelligence scale in 1908 and 1911, the last appearing just before his untimely death. A further refinement of the Binet-Simon scale was published in 1916 by Lewis M. Terman, from Stanford University, who incorporated the German psychologist William Stern's proposal that an individual's intelligence level be measured as an intelligence quotient (I.Q.). Terman's test, which he named the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale formed the basis for one of the modern intelligence tests still commonly used today. They are all colloquially known as IQ tests." Source and further information: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Binet 2) "Théodore Simon (1872 - 1961) was a French psychologist and psychometrician. He co-created the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale test with Alfred Binet." "1905 is the year during which Simon and Binet made public their famous Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale, the first intelligence measuring device ever devised. It premiered in L'anneé psychologique, a journal founded by Binet in 1895. Throuhgout his life after this point, Simon always remained critical of immoderate and improper use of the scale. He believed that its over-use and inappropriate use prevented other psychologists from achieving Binet's ultimate goal: understanding human beings, their nature, and their development. The scale was revised in 1908 and again in 1911, but Simon kept it the same after Binet's death in respect for one of history's greatest psychologists and Simon's true idol." Source and further information: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Simon 3) "In 1912, the German psychologist William Stern coined the abbreviation "I.Q.", a translation of the German Intelligenz-Quotient ("intelligence quotient"), proposing that an individual's intelligence level be measured as a quotient of their estimated "mental age" and their chronological age. A further refinement of the Binet-Simon scale was published in 1916 by Lewis M. Terman, from Stanford University, who incorporated Stern's proposal, and this Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale formed the basis for one of the modern intelligence tests that remains in common use." Source and further information: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_quotient Further information: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stern 4) Before Binet, the subject of the measure of intelligence has already been studied by Sir Francis Galton, James McKeen Cattell and Charles Spearman: "Galton's study of human abilities ultimately led to the foundation of differential psychology, the formulation of the first mental tests, and the scientific study of human intelligence. (Posthuma 2002) reported that the correlation between brain size (reported to have a heritability of 0.85) and g is 0.4." Source and further information: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Galton "Cattell did not find his calling until after he arrived in Germany for graduate studies, where he met Wilhelm Wundt at the University of Leipzig. Cattell left Germany in 1882 to study at Johns Hopkins University, but returned to Leipzig the next year as Wundt's assistant. The partnership between the men proved highly productive, as the two helped to establish the formal study of intelligence." Source and further information: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McKeen_Cattell "Charles Edward Spearman (September 10, 1863 - September 17, 1945) was an English psychologist known for work in statistics, as a pioneer of factor analysis, and for Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. He also did seminal work on models for human intelligence, including his theory that disparate cognitive test scores reflect a single general factor and coining the term g factor." Source and further information: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Spearman 5) Although the IQ system had an immense success, there have also been some strong critics, and warnings about abusive use of those tests. Binet himself said: "The scale, properly speaking, does not permit the measure of intelligence, because intellectual qualities are not superposable, and therefore cannot be measured as linear surfaces are measured." "Some recent thinkers seem to have given their moral support to these deplorable verdicts by affirming that an individual's intelligence is a fixed quantity, a quantity that cannot be increased. We must protest and react against this brutal pessimism; we must try to demonstrate that it is founded on nothing." This and other critics can be found here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_quotient#Criticism_and_views
  • Thank you!!
  • The original IQ tests were based on studies in the early part of the 1900's, and a series of tests given to a large group of people, and the results were evaluated. A scale was designed. The whole process has been pretty much discredited because of the limited scope of the original tests. In more recent times, psychologists are working closely with scientists to try to uncover the secrets of the brain itself, and how it works. The emphasis is more on chemicals such as hormones and endorphins, and the interactions of the synapses and neurons.

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