ANSWERS: 1
  • - the Ural Mountains - the Caucasus Mountains However, it could be a little more complicated: 1) "Physiographically, Europe is the northwestern constituent of the larger landmass known as Eurasia, or Afro-Eurasia: Asia occupies the eastern bulk of this continuous landmass and all share a common continental shelf. Europe's eastern frontier is now commonly delineated by the Ural Mountains in Russia. The first century AD geographer Strabo, took the Tanais River to be the boundary, as did early Judaic sources. The southeast boundary with Asia is not universally defined. Most commonly the Ural or, alternatively, the Emba River serve as possible boundaries. The boundary continues to the Caspian Sea, the crest of the Caucasus Mountains or, alternatively, the Kura River in the Caucasus, and on to the Black Sea; the Bosporus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles conclude the Asian boundary. The Mediterranean Sea to the south separates Europe from Africa. The western boundary is the Atlantic Ocean; Iceland, though nearer to Greenland (North America) than mainland Europe, is generally included in Europe. There is ongoing debate on where the geographical centre of Europe is. For detailed description of the boundary between Asia and Europe see transcontinental nation. Because of sociopolitical and cultural differences, there are various descriptions of Europe's boundary; in some sources, some territories are not included in Europe, while other sources include them. For instance, geographers from Russia and other post-Soviet states generally include the Urals in Europe while including Caucasia in Asia. Similarly, numerous geographers consider Azerbaijan's and Armenia's southern border with Iran and Turkey's southern and eastern border with Syria, Iraq and Iran as the boundary between Asia and Europe because of political and cultural reasons. In the same way, despite being close to Asia and Africa, the Mediterranean islands of Cyprus and Malta are generally considered part of Europe." Source and further information: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe#Geography_and_extent 2) "The question if parts of Azerbaijan, Georgia and Kazakhstan are located in Europe or if these countries lie entirely in Asia depends on how the border between Europe and Asia is defined. Since there is no historic border between the continents (except the Bosporus) several sources may count e.g. Mount Elbrus inside or outside of Europe. - Armenia - physiographically in Asia, with extensive sociopolitical ties to Europe - Azerbaijan - situated in both Western Asia and Eastern Europe. - Cyprus - physiographically in Asia, with extensive sociopolitical ties to Europe - Georgia - situated in both Western Asia and Eastern Europe. - Greece - situated in both Southeastern Europe and Western Asia (see below and this map.) - Kazakhstan - situated in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. - Russia - situated in both Northern Asia and Eastern Europe. - Turkey - situated in both Western Asia and Southeastern Europe." Source and further information: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcontinental_nation Further information: http://geography.about.com/library/faq/blqzeuropeasia.htm

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