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Diamonds are usually found in association with igneous rocks that are derive directly from mantle rocks (kimberlites and lamproites). These rocks rose from the mantle and intruded into the crust in relatively narrow bodies called pipes. These are usually found only in old crust. The problem with locating these pipes is that they don't seem to be related to crustal geology. So, it is difficult to predict where we will find them. Most such pipe were discovered because someone stumbled across diamonds in sediments derived from them and followed the diamonds back to the pipes. As for just where diamonds are known to exist and are being mined today, take a look at http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/world.html and you will find a map and a graph showing diamond production by country from 1860 to 1995. You will also find much more info on diamonds at that site.
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