How a radio receiver works?

• A radio receiver has an antenna, which picks up minute "radio frequency" (RF) signals from the air. Many receivers have a built-in 'loopstick' antenna, concealed inside. The antenna picks up 1000s of signals from 1000s of transmitters, all mixed together.

• The mixed RF signals are delivered from the antenna to an RF amplifier and a tuner. The tuner selects the desired frequency of the specific station you wish to listen to. Only that signal is passed on.

• From the tuner the RF signal is converted to a single "intermediate frequency" (IF), using a clever method called "heterodyning," which was invented by Edwin Armstrong during WWI. A single frequency (IF) is easier to amplify than a range of frequencies (the RF from the antenna).

• If the signal is "amplitude-modulated" (AM), it is sent to a detector. If the signal is "frequency-modulated" (FM), it is sent to a "discriminator."

• The output of the detector or discriminator is audio frequency. The audio signal is sent to several stages of audio amplification and then to a loudspeaker (or headphones).

The "superheterodyne" circuit was invented by Edwin Armstrong in 1918. It is still in use today in all radio receivers, as far as I know. What makes it unique is the use of IF, the intermediate frequency.

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