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Parkinson's disease affects the central nervous system. Degenerative in nature, its development can be so gradual that it can go undetected until its symptoms increase and become difficult to ignore. Outward symptoms of Parkinson's can be seen in the patient's diminishing motor and cognitive skills.
Tremors
According to the Mayo Clinic, Parkinson's tremors are first noticeable in the hands. Tremors may appear in the form of twitching wrists or in an action called "pill rolling," in which the patient repeatedly rubs his thumb and forefinger together.
Bradykinesia
The Parkinson's Disease Foundation reports that some Parkinson's patients present with bradykinesia, which is the slowing of movements that used to be performed with normal ease. Bradykinesia can cause a patient to shuffle rather than walk. It can also affect the facial muscles, giving the patient a "mask" appearance.
Rigidity
Parkinson's patients may experience muscle rigidity, which can lead to pain and cramping. The disease does not allow muscles to stretch or relax, causing stiffness in the limbs and decreasing the patient's range of motion.
Postural Instability
According to the Parkinson's Disease Foundation, the disease affects a patient's balance, making it difficult for him to stand and move in a stable manner. Decreased coordination increases the chances of falling. Postural instability may cause a patient to "freeze" and become stuck in place.
Dementia
The Mayo Clinic cites that patients in advanced stages of Parkinson's may experience a decrease in their cognitive skills. Difficulties with memory and mental clarity may eventually evolve into complete dementia and the inability to recognize family members or communicate.
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