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Although the day before Lent is commonly called "Fat Tuesday," or "Mardi Gras," the more traditional name (in the English-speaking world, at least) is "Shrove Tuesday." This name comes from the verb "to shrive" (meaning to hear someone's confession), because Shrove Tuesday was a day to confess one's sins before the beginning of Lent.
Source:
Catholic Encyclopedia: Shrovetide
More Information:
United States Conference of Catholic Bishops: Liturgical Calendar
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