Hammer toes are abnormalities that appear on the PIP joint of the second, third or fourth toe. This middle joint becomes deformed by tightened ligaments and tendons that add pressure on the toe and can cause extreme pain and discomfort.

Causes

Hammer toes may develop because of hereditary factors, diseases (such as arthritis) and damage or injury to the toe.

Function

Each toe is controlled by no fewer than six sets of muscles. Hammer toes are caused by muscle imbalances--one set of toe muscles overpowering another.

Considerations

Men who have flat feet may be more prone to hammer toes because of the flexor muscles overpowering the other muscle groups. Greater tension occurs when the foot is in a flattened position rather than arched; weakened toes can become overpowered, which results in a deformity.

Contributing Factors

Rheumatoid arthritis often leads to bunions on top of toes that contribute to the development of hammer toes.

Effects

Although women are more prone to hammer toes than men, any ill-fitting shoe can contribute to the development of hammer toes. Shoes that are fit to the big toe rather than a longer second or third toe will force the toes to contract and can cause the condition to develop.

Warning

Those who suffer from poor circulation or diabetes should contact their physician at the first signs of foot trouble; a hammer toe can lead to more serious problems.

Source:

Podiatry Channel: Claw Toes & Hammer Toes

Dr. Foot: Hammer Toes

GHI: What are Hammertoes?

More Information:

Hammer Toe Surgery